Ukuze ubone ngokwemingqi ukuthi yini engqondweni yesilini se-stainless, kungcono ukwazi ngemithwisthwi ebalulekile fomu yazo enqatshelwa kakhulu kanye nokuthi yiniqondo zazo zokulandelana nokulindela. Imithwisthwi ebalulekile ngu-iron, chromium, nickel, fela ngemaphethelo. I-iron ifaka amabakithi okuphila kwayo yonke i-stainless steels. Izinga le-chromium ngokuvumelekile liphakathi kwe-10% kuya kwe-30%, fomu yeli thelo liyakhiwa leliyakhelwe ephakeme okuphela ukuthi kungilindlela. Izinga le-nickel ngokuvumelekile liphakathi kwe-8-10%, liyakhiwa leliyakhelwe ephakeme okuphela ukuthi kungilindlela. I-Molybdenum ivame ukuba ngaphakathi kwe-2-3%, liyakhiwa leliyakhelwe ephakeme okuphela ukuthi kungilindlela ngokukhawuleza. Le ndawo zokulandelana ziyakhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuthi kungilindlela. Isibonelo, i-304 stainless engu-18% chromium ne-8% nickel, fela i-316 grade iyakhiwa i-molybdenum ukuthi kungilindlela ngokukhawuleza, liyakhiwa leliyakhelwe ephakeme okuphela ukuthi kungilindlela ngokukhawuleza.
I-chromium ibaluleke ngempela ekwenzeni insimbi engagqwali ingashisi. Lapho ixubene ne-alloy yensimbi, ihlangana ne-oxygen evela emoyeni ukuze yakhe ifilimu elincanyana le-chromium oxide ngqo ebusweni bensimbi. Lokhu kwakha uhlobo oluthile lwesihlangu esivimbela insimbi ukuba ingabi ne-oxidation noma igqwale. Ukuba khona kwalesi sikhala esingenamsebenzi kwenza insimbi engagqwali ihlale isikhathi eside lapho isesimweni esibi. Iningi lensimbi engagqwali lidinga i-chromium engaba ngu-10.5% ukuze lisebenze kahle uma kuziwa ekuvikeleni ukugqwala. Izinsimbi ezinama-chromium amaningi, njengesigaba esithandwayo esingu-316 zinikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe okuchaza ukuthi kungani zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinjengamakamu okwakha imikhumbi nezitshalo zokulungisa amakhemikhali. Ukuhlolwa kwezwe langempela kubonisa ukuthi insimbi engagqwali egcwele i-chromium ingahlala ingenayo inhlaka amashumi eminyaka, yingakho sibona yonke indawo kusukela ezakhiweni ezisogwini lolwandle kuya emishinini yezimboni ehlala isebenza ngamanzi nezinto ezibolayo.
Indlela ukugqwala okuthinta ngayo amashubhu ensimbi engagqwali iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi asetshenziswa ezindaweni zasolwandle noma ezimbonini. Amanzi anosawoti empeleni angenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezindaweni ezisogwini ngoba aqukethe i-chloride eningi kakhulu, evame ukudala lezo zimbobo ezicasulayo ebusweni bensimbi. Siye sakubona lokhu kwenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinto ezifakwa eduze nogu lapho izingxenye zishabalala khona ngaphambi kokuba ziphile isikhathi eside. Nokho, izindawo zezimboni zenza insimbi engagqwali ibe nezinkinga ezihlukile. Amakhemikhali nezingcolisi ezihlukahlukene ezisemabhizinisini zingadala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma okubangelwa ukugqwala okubangelwa ukucindezeleka okungekho muntu ofuna ngempela ukubhekana nakho. Eminye imibiko yobunjiniyela ilandisa ngezindaba zezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali eziwohloka ngokuphelele ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje lapho zitheleka kumakhemikhali athile anonya ezitshalweni zokukhiqiza. Yingakho ukukhetha izinto ezifanele kubaluleke kangaka ukuze usebenze kahle kulezi zimo ezinzima.
Izinto eziphathelene nekleni yamakhlorayidi zingapheli ukwenza amahlaya kakhulu, futhi lokhu kungapheli kakhulu uma kunezindleko eziphakeme. Okuqukethwe kakhulu yikupheli kakhulu ukuthi kungasho lutho oluncane kunezinsizo zangaphakathi. Izindlela eziningi zezifundo zange zifumene ukuthi izinhlobo eziphawuliwe nekleni yamakhlorayidi njenge-304 ne-316 azisimbi ukuthi zingasekile. Izindlela zokusebenza zasekuhle kuzo ukuthi amakhlorayidi angaphezulu kwe-150 mg ngalitha kwe-304 nekleni futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kwe-400 mg ngalitha kwe-316. Uma kunezindleko eziphakeme, lokhu kungapheli kakhulu ngokuthi ukwanda kwesikhwama kunezindlela zokuthi amakhlorayidi athole isikhwama esibalweni sokuthi asingaphezulu kwezinye izindlela. Kuye kubaluleke ukulandela kakhulu ukuthi kungakanani amakhlorayidi nezindleko uma usebenza nezinto eziphathelene nekleni ukuze ukuvikele ukuthi kungase kungenzeka.
Ukungenzeka kwe welding kuyindlela enkulu uma sifuna ukuzivikelwa kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwezintambo zase stainless steel. Lapho kwezwa kanye nezwa, amaphotho amakhulu nezindawo ezingaphansi ayakhiwa okuyizinhla yokuqala yokuhlwisa, kudinga kakhulu lapho kunezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindlela eziphumelelayo kuleli xesha ziyafaka phakathi i-laser welding nezindlela zokuzwa kwe TIG ezakhiwa amakhonkho athuthukisayo ngokujwayelekile. Izindlela zokulandela futhi ziyindlela. I-Electro-polishing iyasebenza ngokukhanyisa lezi zindawo ezingaphansi futhi ukwehlisa amakhawulawula aphathelene nokuthiwa kwezinhla. Izindustri ezingasebenzisa izintambo zase stainless steel kufanele ziqhakaze kakhulu kwezwa nokulandela kahle kanti lokhu kuyindlela esembenyayo yokuthi yini indlela engaphansi yokusebenza kwezinto zabo futhi ukusebenza ngokugcwele kwezimo ezingaphansi.
Kwimipesheni yemichwepheshe, i-304 ne-316 yenqwa le-steel yemikhawulo yasebenza ngokubangelwa kakhulu. Zombili iyaqaphela ngokuhambelana nokulwa, kodwa kukhona umba ohamba phakathi kazo. Okuphambene kazo zombili yileyo yemiphetho yazo. I-304 esisisele iyasebenza ngokuningi kuzo zonke izinhloso zemichwepheshe ezinhloko futhi iyakhula ukuthi izinhlangothi zilungile ngemva kwezikhathi. Kodwa lapho kuthiwa nezikhulumi ezinhambili nezinhci ezinkulu, i-316 iyaba yisicelo esinhle kakhulu ngokuthi kune-molybdenum kumaphetho akhe. Izinhlobo zezindustri eziningi zikhetha i-316 xa bezisebenzisa nezimanyano ezinhle. Ingxelo engu- Stainless Steel Welded Pipe Market enza ukuboniswa futhi amathonyezeli esebenzisa i-316 ayaphela ngokungena noma ngemva kwezikhathi eziningi zokuthiwa ngokuphelele nezinhloso zokulwa. Ukuphela kwezifiso lezi zokusebenza ngokuthi zilungile kusiza ukuthi imisebenzi iyaphela ngokuvulekile futhi ukutholiwa komali kwezinyathelo ezimbuyelo nezilungiselelo ezimbalwa emuveni.
Izilayi zomqombose zokuthi zilayi-martensitic njenge-410 ne-430 ziyahlakanipha amandla nekukhulelwa, kubenza kube yilo ndlela eqondile ukulayisha lapho kunezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu. Sibona lezi ngqo zolayi ziyahlakanipha kakhulu kwezindutye zokushunca nezindiza, futhi kwezindlela zokuhamba, ngokuvamile lapho kunezinto ezidinga ukutholwa kwezinkinga eziphambene ngokweqile. Sebenzisa isilayi se-410 njenge-isilayi esihle sokuhamba ngemoto, sibona yona ngokuvamile kwezinhlobo zokukhupha izindleke zemoto ngoba iyahlakanipha ukushisa nokucindezela ngokuvamile. Lapho abasebenzi bakhuqama izinto ezingathula noma zingaphaphazela ngokweqile, izilayi-martensitic ziyahlakanipha ngokuvamile. Zinezici eziphambene nezilayi-z-austenitic lapho kudinga ukutholwa kwezinkinga ezinamathela.
Iindlela zokudlala ezifuna ukuthola uhlobo olude lwezimali kufanele ubeke ubuncinane ukuthola ukwehla kwemali phakathi kwezilinda zokwehliswa 300 ne-400. I-300 series, njengokwehliswa 304 kanye ne-316, inemali ephakeme ngokuqala, kodwa abaningi bafuna ukuthi kuyilapha kakhulu ngokuba lezi zinto zilinda ngemva futhi zidinga ukulungiswa ngokuncane. Izinombolo zokudlala zibonisa ukuthi noma kuthathwa imali ephakeme ngokuqala, izinkampani ezidla ngemaphindzwa apholileyo zilanda ukuthola iziphumo eziyinhle ngokudlala ngokwehliswa we-300 series. Kungaba noma i-400 series njengokwehliswa 410 kanye ne-430 oku kunciphisa imali ngoku buywa kodwa kungadinga ukuthathwa kwemali ngokuphezulu emva kwalokho xa kufanele kubuywe futhi kuzindawo ezikhangelayo. Ukukhetha okunye kohlaka kumele kube yini okuyinhle kanye nezimali ezisindleleni kanye nezimali ezozokuncedwa emva kwalokho ngokwesikhundla futhi ngokweyimali esidlayo.
Izinsimbi ezingenasici eziphindwe kabili ziyaphawuleka ngoba zihlanganisa amandla amahle kakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala okuvelele. Okwenza zikhetheke ukuthi zinama-microstructure ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa izakhi ezivela kuzo zombili izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ne-ferritic, okuzinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kunanoma yiluphi uhlobo lodwa. Onjiniyela abaningi abasebenza ezimweni ezinzima bayotshela noma ubani olalelayo ukuthi lezi zinto zimelana kanjani nokugqwala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezitshalo zamakhemikhali lapho ezinye izinsimbi zingase zishabalale khona ngokushesha. Lapho ihlolwa ngomshini, insimbi engagqwali ephindwe kabili ibonisa ukuthi ingakwazi ukubhekana nezinga lokucindezeleka eliphakeme kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezivamile zensimbi engagqwali. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuqina nokuvikelwa ekugqwalileni kwenza kube kuhle ezimweni lapho imishini kudingeka ihlale isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga nge-SAF 3007 ka-Alleima. Ukuhlolwa kwezwe langempela emathafeni kawoyela angaphansi kwamanzi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi le ngxubevange ethile igcina ubuqotho bayo isikhathi eside kakhulu kunezindlela ezivamile, ngisho nalapho ichayeka kumakhemikhali anolaka amanzi olwandle isikhathi eside.
Izinto ze duplex stainless inqanawe yindlela ephathekile kakhulu kuzo zokugcina nezokunqatha kwezimali nezinye izinto ngoba zihlanza ngokuhambisana nezimo ezikhulu. Le ndawo zokucaciswa kwezinto zokwenza iyonke le nto ingatholwa ngokucacileyo yezinto ezifana nezixhobo eziphambene nezixhobo zokugcina nezokunqatha. Ngokwele, i Alleima inikela umzekelo wokusebenzisa le nto ngendlela ephakeme kakhulu kuzo zokugcina ezisebenzisa kakhulu ezizatheni ezikhulu. Isimo esithile esibizwa ngokuthi SAF 2507 sele sibe yindlela ephathekileyo kuzo zonke izinto. Inqanawe yindlela yokuthola iziphumo ezinhle ngaphandle kokuthi kuthathwa ngokwehlisa, lokhu kwenza yinto ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke izinkampani ezifuna ukuthola izisombululo eziningi kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthola izisombululo ezingenakudala.
Ukukhetha uhlobo lokuphepha lwe-stainless steel olufanele kube ngokwabiwa kwezinto esingakwenza ngokwesicelo. Izinto njenge-ukuphakama kwenhla, ukuchithwa kwenhla, kunoma ukuthi kuzokusukwa nezinto ezingahlanjiswa kumele kuzwehliswa kakhulu kule ndaba. Ngokwehlukahlukene, ukuthi kumele sithathe amandla okuphepha lwezinhla ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhla ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa. Abasebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa kumele kube yilapho kumele kube nezinhlobo ezingahlanjiswa.
Imi standadhi ye-ASTM isemenza indima encane kahle kumukelwa kwethu iituyithi zokwezulu zokwezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyagqitha kakhulu kwiingcamelo neempumelelo. Ezi guidelines zifaka phakathi yonke into, kwiindlela zokusebenza kuye kwiimeko yeminye yeminye kwaye zenziwa iiprothokholi zokulondoloza ngokuchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagqunywe aphumelela kwiindawo zokusebenzela. Ngokomzekelo, i-ASTM A312 le ncam yindlela eninziyo kwiindawo zokwenza into ngokuba iyahlula amathresi okutshintsha, okutshintshelwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokutshintshwa ngokugcwithe ngokuthe ngqo kwaye kuyahlula amathresi a-austenitic. Kwaye kunezi zokuthiwa ngemigaqo ye-indhustri, ISO kunye ne-ASME ziya kugqibela njengemigqo yebhondi yokuqinisekisa ukuba iintlobo ziyafana neempumelelo zokuphepha zokuphepha zasegolweni. Abasebenzisi kufuneka bahlale ngemigaqo le ngempumelelo ukuba bafuna ukuba abathengi bakhe bakhonze ukuba amagqunywe aphumelela, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifanayo nezokusebenzela ngokwezulu okanye kwiindawo zokubhona apho ukungaphumelela okuncane kakhulu kungase kubangela iimpangiso ezinkulu emva koko.
Ukuphila kahle kuyindlela yokwenza uhlu lokuqala xa kufanele kube yini imikhawulo yesitanki se stainless steel ayadinga ukubuyiselwa. Ukubheka kahle kanye nokugcina okulula kuhlela ukuthola izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba kungcono, oku kuthatha amaphela ezingenakho ekupheleni. Imaphakathi yesicelo ibonisa ukuthi izinkampani ezingena ngokwemthetho kwezinyathelo zokuphila ziyabona ukuthi izicathami se stainless steel ziyasebenza kahle ngokweminyaka, futhi kungaba kube khona ukuthuthukwa kokuqeda ngokuphindaphindwa kabili ngokwemibandela etholwe. Izindlela ezijikeleza ukuthi ukuvamisa ngokwezindlela zokuvamisa kuzenza abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuthola amaphoyinti amabi noma izindawo ebonisa ukuthi ayayilala ngaphandle kokwenza amahle, ngakho kuzenza ukuthi kube khona ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuthi kungcono kwezinye izinkinga. Izinkanyezi zokuphela futhi zinezinhloso ebalulekile yokulwa ngokwehliseka, oku kungaba kuyindlela yokulinganisa kakhulu kumaqo amathathu aphakeme lapho ukwehliseka kungaba yinkinga enkululekile. Abakhankatha bekhaya bazi lokhu, kodwa ukuthola bonke abantu abasebenzisana nezinyathelo ezifanayo zokuphila kungaba yinkinga etholakala kakhulu.
Izindaba Ezishisayo 2025-01-03
2024-10-23
2024-11-15
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