Ukubuya kwezinye izinto ezilondoloziwe ngokwes Stainless Steel ifanele ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuze usithathe isipho sesigaba sakhe kunye nokuba singazama nini lokuhlola ukuphakamisana ngecorrosion. I-Stainless steel uphi indawo yayo yindlela yokulula, iyishayela, i-chromium, i-nikel kunye ne-molybdenum. Ishayela sifunda isiqephu esikhundleni, ngalokhu i-chromium sihlala phambi komunye umkhulu, lapho akusetyenziswa ngokusuka kwe-10 ngasemva kwe-30%, ukusetshenziswa ukuphakamisa ukuphakamisana ngecorrosion ngokufakwa kwe-oxide layer eliphakamisileyo. I-Nikel, okungakwaziwa ngokusukela kwe-8% ngasemva kwe-10%, isetshenziswa ukuba libe lindile kunye nelibonakalisi, kunye ne-Molybdenum (ngokusukela kwe-2% ngasemva kwe-3%) esetshenziswa ukuba libe lindile futhi lokuhlola ukuphakamisana ngepitting kunye ne-crevice corrosion. Ukuphatha amanani apha akuyisinga amagreyde amadifefe, afakamisa imibiko yezimali kunye nokusebenza kwezinto ezidingekayo. Amastanda amagalendlu akuyisinga amanye amacompound, njengesi-304 kunye ne-316, apho isi-304 inekuchromium e-18% kunye ne-nikel e-8%, kunye ne-316 esetshenziswa ngokuba nakwakhona ne-molybdenum lokuhlola ukuphakamisana kuma-environs engapheleleyo.
Chromium uhlobene ngezihlonelo zokubuya nokuhlola ukuhlola okukhupheleleyo kwe不锈钢. Ukusebenzisa ngokulandelayo kwi Stainless Steel, chromium uphatha neoxygen ukufundza umthakathi omncane, obucabanga lokungabuyiselwa olwandlelwa emasipheni, ubungaphansi kwindaweni yokuhlola nokuhlukelela kokuthi amaqhina angaxoshwa. Leli lileyo lokuhlola kakhulu libuyeleya isikhatsi esikhulu sokugcina nokusetyenziswa kwe不锈钢 emazibenini engamathathu. Ukuhlola okukhupheleleyo kwe不锈钢 kusenzenisa ukuba kumele kube ngaphezulu 10.5% igama lechromium. Igeshi elingaphakathi labe chrome langaphakathi lahlukelela ukusetyenziswa kwesibonelo sokuqinisekisa, njengoba grade le-316 stainless steel elisetyenziswa ngokukhulu kwi marine nokuthi chemical applications. Izindlela zifumanekayo zithi i Stainless Steels ezidingekayo chrome ezininzi ziqinisekisa ukuxhasa izinsuku ezimbili ezintathu ngaphandle kokuthi akaxoshwe, uzokusetyenziswa kumazibenini omkhulu okanye amaqhina amadala amahlukeneyo amahlukeneyo abexhaswa ngemoya nokumila nokumikilisi.
Izinsuzwano ezifanayo zihluke kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo eziqinilekileyo neziyindlela, apha kube ngokubhekisele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okulandelana ngeemfobo yezincinci. Ezindaweni eziqinilekileyo, umlayawuthi ubheka isinye sokuqhubeka ngokugcina lokuncedisiweyo ngokuthi kukhona indlela engeyiyo yokuncedisiwa yesalayawuthi esikhathini sokuphucukiswa kokunqophela. Ngokushesha, iimfanelo yeestainless steel ezingcinane ezikusasa zisithathelile ngaphambi kokufika kwendawo yokudala ngokokuba le ndlela lencane lokuncedisiweyo. Phakathi kweendaweni ezindleleni, kuhluke amandla angaphambili, njengokubhekisa amacala nokuphucukiswa, okungafuna ukubhekiswa ngokuphucukiswa kweqinileko lokuncedisiwa. Iingxelo zokusebenza zizikhetha izinto ezininzi apho estainless steel sikususa ngeminyaka eminingi ngaphandle komoya omncane wendawo yokuphucukiswa kweqinileko lokuncedisiwa, ukuvumela ukuba kuneenketho zakusebenza zokuthuthukisa ezilindeleyo ezinhlobo zokumbuso.
Amanqawe amaphutha akhawukhipha ngokubanzi kumakheli emasotendweni, okunyekezwa ngeemlambo ezikhulu. Ukuphutha kwamakheli kukhothoza ngokushesha lokhu kungabonakali ukusuka kwezinye izinto zomphilo ngokubanzi nokugcina isiphumo sokuqala. Izigaba ze-stainless steel njenge-304 kunye ne-316 zihlabeleka ngamaphutha, nangona amanqawe amaphutha amaxhasi yakho yamanzi ayisho 150 mg/l yekhi-304SS kunye ne-400 mg/l yekhi-316SS. Izinkinga eziphumaphandle zikuxhasa le nto ngokushesha lokulandela uphutha wamakheli ngokushesha lokuhlola umkhuhlane. Ukudibanisa kakhulu kuhlanganisa imibuzo ye-ion amaphutha, lokufika kulandela ukusuka kwezilayezo ezintshonalanga lokuhlola umkhuhlane, lokufuneka kuhlonishwe kunye nokudibaniswa kakhulu amanqawe amaphutha kunye nezinga lezi zokusebenza kwi-stainless steel.
Ukuthi kuhluke ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidinga ukwakhiwa amaphethu angaphambi kwezintaba ezindala ezilula emasipheni yamandla esisisekelweni, akuyisingabo ngokubhekisisa. Ukusetyenziswa okuncane kungabonisa imicro-cracks noma i-crevices eziphuculekileyo ezinikezela izindawo zokusebenza lokuhlola ukuphopholwa, ngisho ngemva kokulandelana nokuchloride ekubaleni. Izindlela ezincane zokusetyenziswa, njenge-laser welding nge-tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, zikhuliswa ukuthi zibheke amajoint amahlu angaphambili. Ngokushesha, izindlela zakusebenzisa isiphumo sasekhombisi, njengoku-electro-polishing, inhlawula umdabu wamasipheni wesisisekelweni ngokushaya ukuphopholwa ngokushaya amasipheni amanqaku kunye nokugcina amacrevices apho amaphethu angaphopholwa angenziwe. Njengamanje, leso siko lesingeyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhetha ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kuhluke kukuthi kuhloniphe umdloti nokusebenza.
Lokhu okungakho kwiqhobo lwezilimi ezifundekayo, i-304 kunye ne-316 stainless steel zihlala izimbali zezindaba. Ukuthi zingavumele ngaphandle kwezinye izilimi ezicabazayo uzothola ngenxa yalokho. Udlulintle lokhu luhlukana phakathi kwabo kanye nezindlela zakubaluleka: xa i-304 uhlobene nokuba yinkampani yokugcina amaxhobo omunye wezilimi, i-316 enguqukethwe nge-molybdenum, uyathatha ukuphindelela kodwa kwe-chlorides kunye ne-acids. Lokhu kukholelwa ngokuba izindaba ezinikezeli zikhohlisele i-316 stainless steel. Ngokushesha, umthondazo wokuqaliswa kwi-"Stainless Steel Welded Pipe Market" akuyisusa lowo ukuthi i-316 stainless steel uhamba ngokulungile kuzikhaliso ezizama ukusetyenziswa ngokubonisa izilimi ezicabazayo ngokupheleleyo. Ukusebenza ngokulandelayo kuhloniphelelo lokuhlola ukuthi lokhu kufanele kakhulu ukuthola uphiwo lwesibayeni kunye nokukhangelwa kwekhompiyutha elincinci.
Amane amahambe amastainles esintshangayo, njenge-410 kunye ne-430, zikhulu kakhulu ngokuthi zihlelwe ngendlela yokugcizelela kunye nokuncane, okungakho lokhu lavela ukuba zisethenziswa ngokubonisa izindlela ezidingekayo. Amane asebenzisa kakhulu edolobheni le-aerospace kunye nemoto, apho amanye amathari engavunyelwa amandla amakhulu omehluko. Ngokushesha, i-410 stainless steel isetshenziswa ngokupheleleyo emasistemi yebhokisi yemoto ngenxa yesicwangciso sokuqinisekisa umoya kunye nephasi. Izindlela zakho zithatha amathari angazibonakale niqo noma azibonakale ngaphandle kokuthi zizifundelele ngendlela yokugcizelela, kunye ne-martensitic grades zikwenza lokho ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuncane oluhluwe kakhulu phakathi kwabo kunye ne-austenitic grades uvela ukuba baze bekhuseleka ngokubanzi kumthetho wendlela yokugcizelela.
Ukubonelela ukuphindezela kokuthi kufakwe phakathi kwesi-300 nesi-400 stainless steel ngokulandelana nokudlu kuhlu lapho amakhosi abaningi acala amaphephandaba ephendulekileyo. Ngokwesiphi, isikhathelo sesikhatsi sokuqala sesi-300 stainless steel njengesi-304 nesi-316 ifanele kuqinisekiswa ngokuba lokho kuhlukene okanye kuziphindaphinda izidingo zokugcina umla wokusebenza. Ngenqubo yobophethelo, ngokusho kwezi zihlanga, phakathi komhlaba olungaphansi lokuthi kufuneka kuhloniphe i-ROI yesi-300 stainless steel ngokushona kumgangatho olungaphansi olungazibuyiselwa ukusuka kwezinhlobo ezifaneleyo. Ngokwesininzi, i-400 stainless steel options njengesi-410 nesi-430 kungabangako amalayithi amahhula kunye nokucophelela kakhulu kwiizinhlobo ezincopheleyo. Ngokushesha, ukukhetha phakathi kwaloo mitholo kuhlonipha ukubala izidingo zokuqala ngokulandelana nezingeni zokusebenza, uzama ukubonisa ngokuphambili kwezinye izidingo.
Ii-stainless steels zduplex zikhuphela ngokubanzi kakhulu bese ekufinyeleleni lokulungiselela ukusuka nokuhlola okukhombisa. Amaphawuli apha akhawuleza ngeendwendwe yokuba yabo, eyayiblendiya i-austenitic ne-ferritic stainless steels ukwenzela umsebenzi wokuhlanganiswa obunomvume. Abasebenzisi bezindawo zazihlukelelelo izimbali ze-duplex stainless steel ezisisekelwe kwiindawo ezinethengiselwa, uzame ukuthi zikwenza imisebenzi yesokushesha esingabafundeki. Ukutesta komekanikalishe ukuhlola iindlela eliphakeme, uhlobene nesistanda stainless steel, ubhekise ukuba kungenziwe amaxwebhu apho sivumelwe abanye ngokubanzi kunye nokuhlola okukhombisa. Ngokushesha, i-SAF™ 3007 super duplex ye-Alleima ifanelela leli lizinto ngokubanzi, ukuhlola okukhombisa kunye nokuphucula kakhulu, njengoba kuthathwe ngamaxesha wesibhedze.
Ii-stainless steels eziduplex zithiwe izicatshulwa kakhulu nezikhuthazelo zokusebenza kwiqhutywa lemfundweni yamaphu yaseMthalantle yesibhakabhaka nokugayi, ngokusho ukubonisa isenzo sabahambisane kumahluko okukhawulekileyo. Lezi zingxoxo zithandwa ngokuhlola ukuba bafuneka bakwazi ukusinceda amandla kuhambisana namandla okukhulu nokungaphandle komoya okanye ngezindaba ezincane ezifanayo ngegwayigwayi ephakameni ye- Gulf of Mexico nokwa-North Sea. Izindlela ezinhloko, njengezinto ezingabiliweyo ngu-Alleima, zikhulula ukubonisa uhlobo olungileyo lwezi duplixe grade kulesi sikhathi, ngokusho ukufinyelela kwesikhwama sokuthiwa 'dynamic umbilicals' apho amahluko akhawulekileyo. IsAF™ 2507, ngisho, ithathela iindlela zokusebenza, inohlolisiwe kakhulu kunye nenkcukacha kwiqhutywa lokusebenza kwezimali esiphakameni, uzokusiza ulwazi olungelula kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu phakathi komphendulo wesibhakabhaka nokugayi.
Lokhu okuyingxenye yokukhetha iziphumo ze-stainless steel, ukubaluleka amandla kwe-material ngokuhlaziywa nokulandelana nesikakiso sokuqala kusukelela ukuze uphumeleleyo kunoma usuku lwesikhatsi. Izikakiso zokuqala njengomphawu, umoya, kunye nokuphucula kwi-indawo ezincane zicabanga lokho oluzenzakalelayo lokusebenzisa isilayezithi esiqondisiweyo, ngaphandle kokuthi indawo ezingaphuculiweyo kuhloniphe izilayezithi ezizenzakalelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezi-standarde zokukhetha amatharike ase-ASTM kunye ne-ASME akufuneka asetshintshwe ukuvavanya ukulandelana nenkulu kwezi-silayezithi ezisethiweyo ngokulandelana nesikhatsi sokusebenza. Amastandarde angamathathu abangamanani abafundelela ukubaluleka amandla kwe-material ngokuhlaziywa nokulandelana nesikakiso sokuqala, ukusukelela isebenza esihluke kunye nokusebenza esibonakale.
Iindlela zeASTM zingakuhlanganiswa ngokubona ukuthi kudinga ukuhlola lokusebenza okanye lokuhlola izicatulo zomstenshishe esesintsha ukuvumela uhlobo lokuhambisana nokulungiselela. Izindlela eziqhutywa zikhetha amagama amahluhlu wokugcina amandla, umphawu wemicali, kunye nezinhlobo zokusetyenziswa, uzokusure yinkampani athise iimyalelo ezindala zokuxhasa. Ngokushesha, iASTM A312 yicingo elithathu lekhulu elibekwe ukusetshenziswa, ukusuka kunye nokuhlola kakhulu kwizipayipi zomstenshishe wesintsha. Iindlela zakwakhiwo, njengeISO kunye neASME, zikuphucwayo ukulungiselela ngokubonisa ukuthi izinzuzo zihlola imigomo yesifundo kunye nokukhangelwa kwezindlela ezilundile. Ukufinyelela ngezindlela zakwakhiwo kuhlanganisiwe ngokuba kukho ukuthi abasebenzisi bakwakhiwo babangise ukuthi amaxwebhu ayiqinisekiseyo xa bafundiswa ukusebenzisa izisekelo ezidingeki, njengeminyaka we-oyil & gas kunye nemiphawuli, apho ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuhlanganiswe ngokunye.
Ukugcina amandla okusebenzayo kumelwe woqobo lwezintaba ezinduli zesiStainles siyibhizinzi ukuya kuqala lokuhlola umdlalo wabo. Ukukhangela ngokwesikhatsi kunye nokulima kulula ukuba kuhle kakhulu ukuvuma amahlo bekhona abantu ababiliyo noma iCorrosion ngokuqaleni, ukuhlupheka kokubhekisisa imali engaphandle kwezinhlobo zokusebenza. Ngokushesha, izibongo zeminye yendawo zithi ukuthi ukufakamana kwesikhashana sikahle singabuyelela isenzo sasendawo esikhulu sesiStainless Steel ngokuphi le 40%. Ukusetshentela amandla angaphansi apha njengama-ultrasonic kunjalo ungene amahhadi amaningi amanqaku abangaphansi noma ubuncane bokuthi, ukuze kuziphathiswe amandla aphoqweni. Ngokushesha, ukusetshentela amandla angaphansi apha kunjalo ungene ukusuka ukungaphelele ukubonisa iCorrosion, ukuze kuhlupheke ukuthi esiStainless Steel sengeziwe kunye nokuthi safe kudluliswa ngokukhethwe kwiindlela ezidingekileyo.
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