Ukuphatha Kwesihlathi Lesiti: Amasithandazo Emanje Ngokwesigaba NgeSinye Sonqopho Wesifomu kwiBukhulu Bokuhlanganiswa

Amastandithi Yasekhombi Lomsebenzi Ngephakathi Kwesihloko Lesisele

UASTM nokuqhathaniswa kweAISI

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) noma-AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) baletha inkomba enkulu yokuthi ngani kakhulu amathikili wokwenza amaphela esi manileyo. Lezi zimo zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba ziyaqinisekisa ukuthi leli phela siyasebenza ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amaphoyekthi, kungaba yabantu abakhulekile noma amaphakathi aphulelwa yazo izinhlobo zokusebenza. Uma abasebenzisa lezi zimo ezinhlosoyo, bayaqeqeswa kakhulu ukuthi leli phela siyasebenza ngendlela efanele futhi kungase sikhathwa ngokwehluleka, oku kungaba yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu xa kuchithwa amaphoyekthi amaningi ngoba akukho onke amathuba okuthi amaphoyekthi athintele. Kusona esikhathini siphila sona, sibonile ukuthi ukulandela lezi zimo kuthintela amathuba okuthi ayehluleke amaphela akungabi noma yini. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi zimo ahlukanisa amaphela esi manileyo ngokwezikhithi, noma yiliphi elisetshenziswa ngokwezidingo, ngokwehlukana nokwenza amabhijji noma ukwenza amaphathi amancane esimali. Ngokwesibonelo, amaphoyekthi amaningi kudinga amaphela amakhulu kakhulu ukuze ayivikele ngokuphelele. Ngokwesinye isihlango, amaphela amancane asebenza ngokwehlukana nokwenza amadoda noma amaphakathi amakhiywa ngazo aphakathi kungaba yimali aphulelwa yazo. Uma kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, bangasebenzisa leli phela ngendlela efanele futhi kungase kuthathwe amaphela amaningi noma kungase kuthintelwe ukuphelele.

Amapi Akuhlukaniswa Kwisimo Sezakhelo

Ukwenza imbilini yesitye iqhuma kakhulu ngemigomo yendustri enika izindlela ezithile zokulawulwa okudingekayo ekugcineni ubunzima. Le ndlela ziyaxazisa ngokwengeza noma kuthatha kwezibonelo esikhundleni sokuqala. Uma le ndlela ziphakathi kakhulu, lokhu kungqamisa ngqo ubulali nezindawo ezingcono kwezakhiwo noma nezinye izinto ngokuthi izinto eziphantsi kangaka zenze amandla. Sebenzisa isitye esine-0.1% ethickness tolerance njengombagiso. Lokhu kungaba ngokuthakazelwa, kodwa kungaba yindlela engqamisa ngokuthi lapho izakhiwo lihlale lihlanze ngokuthi kuthenjelwe. Abasebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuhlinzela le nto njengekusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulinganisa nezokulungisa izinhlobo ngokuphelele kwezinyathelo zokwenza. Ukulandela le migomo akuyona kuphela ukuthi kuthenjelwe okulandelayo, kodwa futhi ukwenza amabilini esitye ohle ake kubakhulekile kakhulu, lokhu kungaqinisa ukuthi kwehlise imali futhi kungavimpi amathulembo.

Ukuphakama Kwesikhombiso Sokugcina Ulwandle

Ukuphakama kuka noma yisiphequluli sokubhaliwe ngokwezinhlobo zokuthi yini okunikeza ukubilawa kwayo nokusebenza kwayo ngokomkhakha. Imaplathi ephakamayo ngokwengeza isiqinisekiso nosuku olunye, okuyindlela esebenza ngayo xa kusebenzela nezinto ezinhle ngokwezinhlobo zezinkanyezi noma izinkampani ezide. Ngokwabathengi, i-steel ephakamile ngokwengeza ukudluliswa kwebilawa ngaphezulu kwezinye izindawo kanye nokulinda kwezinkinga ngaphandle kokugcwa noma ukugaywa. Imibono yesifazwe ibonisa ngokuhlanzekile ukuthi ukulandela izispekimeni eziyisisekelo zokuphakama kuthula izindlela. Bekubonwe izimo apho izinkanyezi zayiphansi ngenxa yokuthi isiphequluli asiphakami kangaka okwenzeke ukuthi silindele. Ngakho ke abasebenzisi besikhangiso noma abaphathimende basebenzela ukuthi babuyeke isikhundla esiyisisekelo ngokwemisebenzi yamanye amaphrojekthi ngokulandela izimfuno eziyinhloko noma ukubhala ngokungaziwa. Ukwenza lokhu kuyakuvumela ukuthi izinkanyezi zibe yinhloko kanye nokuthi kube nezimfuno ezingcono ngokudala kwezinye izinto ezisebenzela kuzo.

Izicwangciso Zokubuyela Kwesayithi Esikhundleni

Amalungiselelo Asebenza Kwisayithi ISO 8501

I-ISO 8501 ibeka lokho okudingekayo ukuze ulungiselele kahle indawo lapho usebenza ngensimbi yokwakha. Empeleni, le ndinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ichaza amazinga ahlukahlukene ekhwalithi yokuqedela indawo evumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezidingo zokwakha. Izindawo zensimbi eziphathwe ngokuvumelana nalezi ziqondiso zikhuthazela kangcono ezintweni ezinjengamanzi emvula nokungcola komoya okungase kuzinciphise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho abaqashi belandela iziqondiso ze-ISO 8501, empeleni banikeza izakhiwo zabo zensimbi isikhathi eside sokuphila ngoba insimbi iyamelana nokugqwala kangcono kakhulu. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngalezi zindinganiso zivame ukusebenza kangcono kakhulu esikhathini eside. Ochwepheshe abaningi kulo mkhakha nabo bayavumelana nalokhu. Omunye unjiniyela wakubeka ngendlela elula: "Uma ingafaneleki kusukela ngosuku lokuqala, akukho ukupenda okuyosindisa insimbi kamuva". Kunengqondo ngempela uma ucabanga ukuthi izilungiso ezibiza kangakanani zifika endleleni.

Amazinsulo Amangaphi Ngenxa Yokuqinisekisa

Imaphoyinti ecula ngokwezinye izinto ezifana nezindlela, izicuro lecala, kanye nezicaba esikhatsini sokubulwa kwezinto ezweni lesteel yokubulwa, okwakuhle ukuba kube yimali ukulandela le milawo ngokucophelela. Indlela lemilawo iyisobuchwepheshe: ukuthiwa steel ikhona amastandard esiyoqobo esiyidinga ukuthiwa yenzeke kahle. Ngokwesicelo esilandelwe kuleli ndlovu, lapho izinkampani zilandela izinsuku zokulandela kanye nezimali, bezithola izinto ezingenakho kakhulu. Abantu abaningi kubudlulayo babhala ngokwezinto ezintsha lapho le milawo kungazindiswa. Umfundi wokubulwa owodwa wathi ngokwesibonelo: "Ukungalandeli izinkohlakalo kuyilokho ngokubulwa kwezinto ephakeme kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezimali." Ukufunda le milawo akuyilokho kuphela okwenziwa ngaphandle kokuthi kungasebenzi kakhulu. Izindaba zokubudlulayo zithi ukuthi izinkampani zikhona kakhulu lapho bonke abantu abahlanganayo bazi ukuthi kudingeka kuthathwe kanjani kanye nokuthi kuthuliwe izinto ngaphambi kokuthi zibe yimali.

Umbiko Wephaso Ngeyindlela YokuHamba

Ukuphela kwezinyongo kuyindlela enkulu ekubeni kube yimali kakhulu ekubeni kube yimali kakhulu ekubeni kube yimali kakhulu. Lapho izinyongo ezinhle zivulelwe, izikhumba kuzothanda ukubonakala kahle futhi kuzohlaba ngempela. Izinsuku zonke EN 1011 zinhloso yokuthi yini okubonakala kakhulu kwezikhumba, oku yindlela enkulu yokuvikela amasithithiwe apholile nezinhloso. Izindaba ezinhle zokuthi amaphoyinti amancane kuzinyongo zemali, njengokucula noma izindawo eziphansiyo ukugaya, kungakhiwa ukuthi kube yimali. Lezi zimo ngokungafani kungakhiwa ukuthi kube yimali, kuvikela amasithithi aphele. Ngakho ke abasebenzisi abaningi bayaqhubeka ngezinsuku ezingaphezulu ukuthi izinyongo ziyahlanzekile nezinhle ngaphambi kokuthi baphe izikhumba. Ukuvulela izinyongo kuyindlela enkulu yokubonakala futhi. Kuyakhiwa ukuthi amasithithi wezinyongo aphile futhi ahlale kahle ngaphandle kwezinkinga, oku yindlela yokuthi kube yimali kakhulu kuzo zonke izindaba zokuvikela amasithithi.

Amasistimu Amanani Wokubhedlela Ukusukela

A36 ngokusho A572 Grade 50 usizo

Ukukhetha phakathi kweyosi A36 ne-A572 Grade 50 yamandla abasebenzisa kakhulu. A36 iluphela kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi i-weld kahle futhi ikhishwe ngokulula, lokhu kuyindlela yokuthi kusebenze kakhulu lapho kuthathwa ukukhula okungu- average. A572 Grade 50 inikela amathuba aphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla aqondisa ngokulinganayo nezindzuku, leli qhinga libonisa ukuthi kusebenza kakhulu lapho kuthatha amandla aphezulu noma lapho kudingeka ukuthi amakhubalo akhulise ngaphansi kwezindzuku. Zombili izinhlobo zibonakala kakhulu emakhubalo, kodwa okukhethwa kuyindlela yokuthi yini leyo nto ehlukileyo. Imicu yokuhlanganisa izinhlobo zesi mandla emakhubalo enikela amaphendula abasebenzisi abeke A36 ekusebenzeni ngemva noma ukuthi abeke A572 Grade 50 lapho kudingeka ukuthi amandla aphakeme. Abaningi baba engineer abengithi ngithi kubonakala ukuthi kudingeka ukulandelela ukuthi yini amandla ongathola ngokucacile futhi uthatha isikhundla sokuthi yini leyo eyosi ofanele ukusebenzisa.

Iinkcukacha zeNqaku leStainless Steel

Xa kuxa kubungqina izinto ephila ngokude, izispekhi zemijolo yemoto engenayo yemikhumbi kumele kubalwe ngokukhulu kakhulu kusenkonini ngoba izikhunyeza ngokuhambelana nezinyawo kanye nezinyathelo zokulayishwa. Le mikhumbi ayinto enye na - kukhona inqanawe 304 eya sebenzisa kakhulu kuzindlela zonke, nangabe inqanawe 316 ine-molybdenum edlule ngakho-ke iyafuna kakhulu emkhathini ongcono njengemagogorweni noma emaphayintsheni. Izesi ziya kusuka kwezincane ezisebenzisa ngaphakathi kwamathupi edlule kuya kwezikhulu kakhulu ezidingekileyo kwezifekelo ezinkulu zokwenza izindaba. Ukuvikela izinyawo kumele kubalwe ngokukhulu kakhulu ngoba izakhiwo engenayo ukuvikela ngokufanele kwezinyathelo zokulayishwa kumele zikhombekwe ngokuphelele kanye nezibuyiswe. Izingxenye zengculaza njengase ASME kanye ne-ASTM zisetshenzisa izikhululo ezipheleleyo ngokuba yini engcono kakhulu kuzindlela zonke. Xa amadodakade ayiqa ngokuthi zidinga ukuba nezakhiwo ezingcono, ezingapheli ngokude, imoto engenayo yemikhumbi iyaba yisicelo esikhundla kubasebenzisi abafuna izinto ezingakhiphe ngemva kwiminyaka lelithini kanye nezithathe imali kakhulu kusalela ukulungiswa ngokuphelele.

Ukubuyekeza kwezinhlobo zokungena kwezimali ezindala

Imifushane ephezulu inciphisa indima kakhulu kuleli qembu lezokudla ngoba iyasebenza ngokuhle kunezinye izinhlayiya. Ziningi lezi mfushane ephawulene nezinto ezijikeleza umanganese, ikhromiyamu, kanti uma ngabe ivanadium, zonke lezi zinto ezikwenza zibe yimali. Kodwa kukhona okuningi ngaphandle kwezifushane ephawulene. Ngempela zikhuphisa ubunzima futhi, ngakho amakhaya ayilutholi ngokuphezulu ngaphandle kokuthile kakhulu ngokusebenza kazo. Sebenzisa ezinye izindawo zokubhinda esembeni lapho abasebenzisi bokudla bavule isithandi esijwayelekile ngokushintshela le mfushane ephezulu bese bavumela iziphumo ezinhle xa kuthathwe kakhulu kwezimali nezindleko eziphezulu. I mfushane ayayibhendele noma ayayithuli ngokushapho. Abasebenzisi bokudla baziwa ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa. Izinto ezintsha zingase kuthuthukisa indawo esekelwe kuzo lezi zinhlayiya futhi zikhansela izindleko, ngakho kuzobe yinkorhu enempilo kakhulu labasebenzisi bokudla abasebenzisa le mfushane.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe C Channel nge Plate Systems

Iindlela ezikhulu eziphumulekileyo kwi framing

Izikhawulwa zika-C ziyi-ncwadi ezinkulu kakhulu kwiisistimu zempela yezincitha ezahlukeneyo ngokuba yazo ziyasebenza ngokuhambelana. Xa zilandelana nezincitha, le zikhawulwa ziyakunceda ukuba kakhulu ukuba kubilwe ngokwehlulekileyo kwiindlela zokusebenza ngokungqinelana. Le nto iyasebenza ngokukhulu kakhulu lapho kubilwe ngokukhulu kakhulu. Sebenzisa ukulanda kwemigwa njengesibonelo esihle - aba enjinela banokuthanda ukuthi zikhawulwa zika-C zibe yinto esiyisisekelo esikhulu kakhulu ngokuba ziyakunceda ukuba yonke into ibe yinkimbuka ngokukhulu lapho kubilwe ngokukhulu. Ukuthola okukhulu kakhulu kwezikhawulwa zika-C kudinga ukucapha kakhulu kwiindlela zokulanda. Ukuqinisekisa ngokuthi konke kuhambisana ngokucophelela kwaye konke okuqondanayo phakathi kwazo zikhawulwa nezincitha kuyakunceda isistimu ukusebenza ngokukhulu kakhulu ngokugcwele.

Iindlela zakusetyenziswa kwezindlu

Kukhulakela ukuthi izicathami zokuxhumana nezicathami zokwenza ubunzima bakhona kakhulu ukugcina amasithikiti esivinini neyodwa. Lapho amadimetela engenakuxhumana ngendlela ehlakile, kwenza amaphoyinti amancane ongaphambisana nokuphelelwa kwezinye zokugcina. Kunezinkinga eziningi abasebenzisa kufanele bakhathaze ukuthi amadimetela wokwenza izicathami zabo kanye nethiknessi yezicathami zokwenza. Amakhilwe amaningi aqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzisa kudinga ukuxhumana nazo ngendlela ehlakile ngoba noma kuncane ukuxhumana kungaphambisana nokwenza ngokuphelele. Abasebenzisa basebenza ngokuxhumana nezinkinga eziningi lapho kuzo amakhilwe aphakathi lapho izicathami zingaxhumani ngendlela ethiwe. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokuthi kunezindlela eziningi abasebenzisa kuyenza izicathami zabo. Ngakho ke kukhulakela ukuthi abasebenzisa bavumele ukuthi kudinga ukuxhumana nezindlela ezivumelekile kanye nezicathami futhi kudinga ukuthi abasebenzisa bakhiphe kabusho izicathami ngaphambi kokuthi bazoqoqela.

Amamandla angamashonalweni amahhuridi

Xa kubekeza kwezinhlobo zokubanda fakwe ngokunye kwezinhlobo ze-C nezinduku zokwenziwa, abasebenzisi bezinyathela kakhulu kuzindlela yokulinganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwazo. Lezi zindlela zilinganisa izinto ezithathwa ngokuphezulu kwegcinwa, ukuphumelela kwazo ngaphambi kokuphazamiseka, futhi na kungalinga ngekuba kungapheli, ngelokho bekube kungakhiphe isigaba sokuphelela. Umqondo wokusebenzisa lezi zindlela uyisisekelo esikhundleni kuba kuvunywa ukulinganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene futhi kuvunywa ukulandelela izinto eziphumelelayo ngokushesha. Izivivinywa eziphumelelayo zekubonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezinhle zokubanda zifanisa ngokuphezulu emaphakathi amakhulu, futhi kudinga ukuthi kungadinga ukutholwa kwezinto ezifanayo. Abasebenzisi bokwenziwa baze bakhona ukuthi kungadinga ukuthi kungadinga ukutholwa kwezinhlobo zokubanda, ngokukodwa kuba izindlela ezintsha zokwenziwa zingavumela ukuthi zibe nemali encane futhi zingavunyelwe amasebenzi. Kunezinto ezintsha ezithathwe ngokuthula okuthi kungadinga ukuthi kungadinga ukutholwa kwezinhlobo ezincane futhi kungadinga ukuthi kungadinga ukutholwa kwezinhlobo ezincane.

Amaphrofayile Amanqaku Lokuhlola Ukuthi Kuthola

Ukulula Ukukhupha Kwemfowethu

Ukuhlola ubukhulu be-steel plates ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulandela isono kuyindlela esebenza ngokukhulu kubantu bonke abasebenza kumasepela. Le ndlela isebenzisa izibhamu zokulandela zokuthi zithinte kanjani ukuthi bafinyele ukuthi yini ubukhulu, ukuthi konke kuyakhiwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Amakhampani mengamaphesenti amathathu ayasebenzisa izindlela ezivela kuma-organisations athi ASTM ne-ISO lapho kuhlanganwe nezinye izindlela zokuhlola. Sibonile lokhu kwezibonelo ezintsha esihlinzekile kuma-bridges ukuthi kungakhathaliseki, lapho kufanele wazi kahle ukuthi kungaphakathi kwezindlela zokuthi ziyini. Izinhlelo ezintsha manje nezifanekiso eziphezulu nezindlela zokuhlola ezifinyelela kakhulu ukuthi zingcono kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, abasebenzi basebenzisa lokhu kakhulu akunoma kutheni kusebenza ngokuhle, kodwa futhi kuthatha inani elincane nezindlela zokuhamba phambili noma kungahleli kakhulu umsebenzi.

Amamethodo Akuhlola Ukusuka Kwesiphumo

Ukuhlola ubunzima bokusinga kusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu xa kubhekwa ukuthi inqanawa yamakhliniki yasebenza ngendlela echanekileyo kumaqondo ohlinzekayo. Lezi zinhlobo zihlola kabusho ukuthani kusinga kathathwe emuva kokugcinwa, okwenzela ukuthi inqanawa yamakhliniki iyasebenze kanjani futhi iyakha ngokuhambisana noma iyathola iphethini. I-ISO 4287 nezinye izilande zaseMkhuluphe zinikeza izindlela zokulinganisa ubunzima bokusinga ukuze zilindele ukudingekayo yamakhliniki kumathuba ngamunye, ukunika amakhliniki ukuthi bavikele ukuthi kungakhona izinkinga ezizayo njengokuthi kuhlelwe amagugu noma izinto engalindani lapho kuzothintwa ngokuhambisana. Noma inkampani yagcinwe kahle ngokwezwa, izinhlelo zasebedle zinikeza ukulinganisa ngokuphezulu kakhulu futhi zingethumela iziphumo ngqo kwiinkompyutha, ukunika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi konke kulingane nezicelo. Sibonile ukuthuthukwa okukhulu kwezinye izinto zasebedle, lezi zinhlelo zingena amakhliniki ngenkatho yokuthola ulwazi olukhulu ngamagugu abo kulokho kungenzeka, okwenzela ukuthi izilande zaseMkhuluphe zokuthuthukwa kweqondo zokuhlinzeka zingasebenze kahle ngokwesikhathi.

Amaphrofesi aphandle kwezindaba

Ukutholwa kwezinhloso zangaphandle kuyinto efunekayo xa kufuna ukuthi amaphela ecala afake amadoda okulwa. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi lezi zinhloso ziphakamise amaphela ecala ngokuphakathi kwezivivinyo ezinhle zokulinganisa ngokwemigomo yesigaba sama-AISC noma BSI. Lokhu kubika kubantu bonke ukuthola ukuthola kwalokhu ngaphandle kokulandlela kakhulu kwezibonelo zokwenza. Ukubheka izinkinombono eziphakeme kubonisa ukuthi izinkampani zihlanza ngokuhle ngemuva kokutholwa kwezinhloso, ngoba abathengi bango baphezulu bethemba nabo futhi ubunikwa bawo buphakeme kakhulu. Kuye kubani ofuna ukuthenga noma ukusebenzisa amaphela ecala, ukutholwa kwezinhloso kuyinto ebonisa ukuthi leli hlelo lifake amadoda okulwa nezimali. Kuyakhiqiza ukuthula kwabaphathili wezinkolo futhi kuxhasa umoya wezinye izinkampani ukuthi zisebenzise izindlela zokwenza ngokuhle ngemuva kwezinye.