Ukuphatha Kwesihlathi Lesiti: Amasithandazo Emanje Ngokwesigaba NgeSinye Sonqopho Wesifomu kwiBukhulu Bokuhlanganiswa

Amastandithi Yasekhombi Lomsebenzi Ngephakathi Kwesihloko Lesisele

UASTM nokuqhathaniswa kweAISI

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) nokulungisiwe kweSiyathemba saseMerika kunye neAISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) zingaphambili kuhle lokuhlola amandla okuthiwa ngamabhedlela westeel. Amahlobo angakho angahlukile ukuvumela ukuthi amabhedlela westeel azibonise izicwangciso ezikhoyo ngezinye izindlela ezinikezeliyo, phakathi kwesayensi kunye nokusebenza okanye. Ukubizwa kweASTM nokulungisiwe kweAISI kuvumelana nenkulumo yenkabi nokuhlola, okungcono esisayensi, apho isiphumo sokuqinisekisa kusendaweni sihlukene. Imininingwane zifanisisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa nokulungisiwe kwezilondolozi ziqhubeka lokugcina ukuphazamiseko kokuthiwe umphakathi. Izilondolozi zihlukanisa umbono wemabhedlela westeel ngokwemigca, okufanele yezinto ezithethwayo, njengokoconstruction, uhluko lwesikhwama kunye nokusebenza okanye. Ngokushesha, amabhedlela emanzimane engakhiwe ngokuthiwe ngazo kuzosetshenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwezintloko eziphazamisekayo, namabhedlela emncane angasetshenziswa ngokupheleleyo kunesayensi kunye nokusebenza. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukanisa kuhlelisa ukukhetha inani lesikhombelo lesilinganayo lomthombo, ukutshintsha umdlalo nokuhlola.

Amapi Akuhlukaniswa Kwisimo Sezakhelo

Ngokwesiphumo sokuqinisekisa iindlebe zophihliso, izicathulo ezinethethwa ngokuthi zilungiselele amapi akhulu apha esikhohlweni somsebenzi wophihliso westeel. Zingena njalo kwiimeko ezinamandla ezifanayo, noma amapi akuhlukaniswa, okungakho luchaphazile ukukhulula ukuba lesteel ilinde isikhatsi sesimo. Ngokuhlwanjisiweyo, amapi anguqukethe umoya wesibayi nokususa kwesikhwama, ngoba izidingo ziqhubeka ukuya kuqhathaniswa. Ngekhona, isteel eside esihluhleneyo ngenkinga lokuhluhleni lwe-0.1% lingabizisisa ngendlela enye yokusetyenziswa kwebuilding yokugcina ulwandle. Ukunikeza ukubizisisa, izindlela eziningi zisetshenziswa ngokusemva kokucacile kwezindlela ezincane zokuhlola kunye nokuhlola phakathi komphakathi wosicwangciso. Ukufinyelela kumaphefumulo akuyisiza ukuba lesteel azikhonziswa ngokupheleleyo kodwa kuzothatha isenzo sezinhloso nokusetshenziswa kwegumbi lwesibayi.

Ukuphakama Kwesikhombiso Sokugcina Ulwandle

Umbhodakiso wokubuya kwesayithi lesi siyephi sifaneleyo kusukela ukuthi uqondele umthombo wesayithi ngekhona lokho olungaphandle. Ngokugcineni, i-sayithi esideyo zikhupha izibonelelo nokuhlabelela okuthile, okufanele kakhulu ukusuka amandla ngokushayela imibuzo emikhelekweni njengezansi nezindawo ezincinci. Izilwandle zokusebenza zazihamba ngokulandelana nokuba kuhlanganisiwe amandla ngokushayela kanye nokucabanga lapho akhupha umthombo omphumeleyo. I-data yezimpawu nokulandelana nangamazwi amacala azikhupha ukuthi ubuyekezo olungempumelelo bethule amandla ngokushayela. Ngalokho, abasebenzisi nezingeni babebekiselele ukuba zityiphatse amandla ngokushayela ngokupheleleleyo ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zombhalo zabo ukuthola usukela nokuhlabelela.

Izicwangciso Zokubuyela Kwesayithi Esikhundleni

Amalungiselelo Asebenza Kwisayithi ISO 8501

Uthetho lwe-ISO 8501 lutshabalala amandla kubheka izicatshulwa zomphahla ngokuphambili lokusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukusaphela kwesayithi lesisteele. Ngokwesikhathi somthezi, ISO 8501 luhlanganisa amagreyedi angeminyaka yezimpahla ezinomsindo okuyingxenye yokugcina izinhlelo ezidinga ukuthi amasayithi akhiwe ngezinto eziphakamisayo, uzokusihlisele ukuba amasayithi akhiwe nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezifaneleyo nemiphumela. Ukufundiswa ku-ISO 8501 uhlanganisa ukusaphela kwesayithi, phakathi kokungabheduka ngokubhekana ngecorosion. Ngokushesha, iindlela zibhaliswa zithi ukubekwa kwi-standarde zikahle ziqhubeka ngendlela enkulu ukuthola ukuhlelo lwempumelelo wokusebenza. Kuyaziwa ngokuthi, ngokuthiwe yamakhosi wezindaba zokusebenza, "Umphahla omkhawulwe kakhulu ulwendlela lokusebenza kwesayithi esiphathe," ukusukela ukuthi kukho umphathiso okukhawulene ukubheka izicatshulwa eziningi.

Amazinsulo Amangaphi Ngenxa Yokuqinisekisa

Izidingo ezikhoyo lokhu, njengokuphazamiseka kwezinsimu, ukubhokota nokulabathwa khona ngakwelo kuhlukele amandla okuthiwe yezameko lomphilo, ukuhlukanisa ukuba kuhlalelwe ngenkinga yokuhlukaniswa. Loko kinga kulahlekiswe ukusure kaahlukanisi ukuba izinsimu zomphilo zibe ngokwesigaba sezindawo nokukhona ngaphandle komoya. Isithombe sasendaweni wesintu wesihlanu esingazangelelangayo kukhothwe ukuthi ukufunda kunye nokuhlukanisa leso singa siphumeleleyo lokuhlukaniswa kungaphansi kakhulu izidingo eziphumuleyo, uzame ukuthiwe umphilo wakhiwo wakhiwe ngokugcina. Abasebenzisi besintu sesihlanu sesingazangelelangayo sabonisa ngokwesikhatsi isiphephetho esincane sokuthi kungenziwa imithombo yokuhlukaniswa, noma usetyenziswa, "Ukutshonesha amandla akuyinto engenziwa indawo yokubhala phakathi kwezinkomo zasandile." Ngakho ke, ukufunda nokuhlukanisa leso singa siphumeleleyo lokuhlukaniswa kuphela ukusebenzisa ukuba kuhlukele amandla angaphandle kokuthiwe.

Umbiko Wephaso Ngeyindlela YokuHamba

Umbungopho wesihloko kanye nokubhala kwezandla ezinhleleni kwiqhobo lomphahla olunqanambuli akuyisingaziso. Isihloko esinamandla sishoqumela ngokupheleleyo nokusaphela kwesandla, ngenkathi zicala eziyindlela ezithethwayo njenge EN 1011 ezifinyeleleyo izandla ezibhaliweyo ezidingekileyo lokuhlola ukusukela. Izimbongi zithi ukuthi amandla angaphandle komphahla, njengemisebenzi wosondlo, azikwazi ukuhlola uphawu lwesandla, uzoba umkhuhlane okugcineni lokusebenza lempahla. Ukufinyelela kokuthi kube nenkinga yokulayezeka, kuzodlula ukubuyekeza ukusukela kakhulu kwezandla ezibhaliweyo. Ngokufaka ukuthi sihlalekile kwenkinga lokulayezeka lesihloko, sibuyekezwa ukusuka kwezandla lokuhlola nokuhlula.

Amasistimu Amanani Wokubhedlela Ukusukela

A36 ngokusho A572 Grade 50 usizo

Kuyonke amandla kwezindlela ezikhethiweyo lokusebenza ngeesi-steel, ukwazi okuhlu kweendawo phakathi kwe-A36 ne-A572 Grade 50 uyimfano omuhle. Isi-steel sA36 siyazi ngokukhangelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa khona, esebenza ukuba kufanele lapho kuzama ukuthatha amagcinelo emangatheni. Ngakwesinye, A572 Grade 50 iyiphumelele ngokushesha kunye nokuhlola lokulandelana, esebenza ukuba kufanele lapho kuzama ukuthiwe kakhulu kunye nokuhlukanisa umlando wemibuzo. Abaqeki ababili babekho babalulekile kwisebenzi, kodwa isihlelo sesiqalela sokugcina kungena izicatulo zezilimi zezinhlobo. Ukuphephile kwezindlela ezifundekayo ezinikezelayo ezinamandla kumgangatho, kubhekise ukuthi xa A36 uhlanganisiwe ngokubanzi kusebenzi, A572 Grade 50 usetshenziswa ngokukhulu kusebenzi esidingene ngeendlela yamandla ngokushesha. Abanye abasebenzela amanye amandla amahle afunda ukuthiwe kakhulu ukubala izicatulo namandla kwezilimi zezinhlobo lokusebenza xa uzisetyenziswa.

Iinkcukacha zeNqaku leStainless Steel

Izicwangciso zombhobho wesintsha yezindlela ezifanekesayo kwiqhelenkosi, uzokusetyenziswa kwabo kubantu ababangako ngokuthi babenethemba lokulondoloza kunye nokukhangelwa kwezinsimbi. Imbongambo yesintsha yahluke kwindawo eziningi, phakathi kwe-304 kunye ne-316, ezidinga amandla kunye nomsindo womkhabelo wokuwakhangelwa kwezinsimbi. Kufuneka lapho alandelwe ngasinye esikhundleni sasendaweni kunye nemibuzo yezilimi elincane, ukusetyenziswa kwabo kanye nomphilo wokugcina okusebenziswayo. Ukukhangelwa kwezinsimbi akungavumelekanga, ngoba kuhlanganisa umoya wesikhephe kunye nokuphucula komsebenzi kweqhelenkosi. Izicathalo zomlandu zidumela ukuba kuhlelwanga kunye nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinikezeliyo, ukusigcina ukuthi imali idlule lokusebenza ngokuyona uhlazo lwesimo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-infrastraktalr endaweni yenkulunkulu inceda umoya wesikhephe kunye nokuhlola, upopularithi wembongambo yesintsha yahluke yakhiwe ngokusho ngokuthi yayihloniphe kunye nokugcina okukhulu kwezinto ezincedwe.

Ukubuyekeza kwezinhlobo zokungena kwezimali ezindala

Amalayisi ahlukene amaphumelele kwiqhobo lwendawo yomoderni, uzokusetyenziswa ngokubanjakalelayo nokusebenzela. Lolu hlobo lwe malayisi lokhu ziqinisekiswa nezinye izinto njengo mangane, i-khromium nesi-vanadium ezifundekayo ukuthi abaningi nge-sitrini futhi umthengiso. Iindlela zokusetshenziswa kwe malayisi ahlukene azikhulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba lingasithi; zihlaba ukusuka kwamathathu, uzokubonisa ukulandelela kwenkqubo yokuhlola ngokugcina umlando wendawo. Ngokushesha, kwindawo ezininzi zokusetshenziswa kwe construction, usetyenziswa kwe malayisi ahlukene wahlukene ukuthi abangene nenkqubo enkulu, uzobonisa ukwazi lwabo lokuhlawula imigomo esincane ngekhona elandelayo. Ababuzisi babephindvise ukuthi zizofika izimphumela ezintsha kwe technology yama malayisi, uzophinda ukuthi zizothola izidingo ezintsha ezizokuphatha ukusetyenziswa ngecost-effectiveness, uzokungena indawo yakhe kwe construction endelevu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe C Channel nge Plate Systems

Iindlela ezikhulu eziphumulekileyo kwi framing

Amachannel e-C ayishayelela ngokubanzi kwiqhutywa lezincwadi zesiHliyi ngoxibini lokusebenza ngokuphakamisana ngezindlela ezikhoyo. Ngokuhlola amachannel e-C nezincwadi zesiHliyi, sizohlala ukusukumisa ukungena kwesilondolozo sokushintsha kunye nokuthi uzame ukufaka umoya ngokupheleleyo. Loku kuhlanganiswa kukhangeziwe ngokukhulu kwiqhutywa lokusebenza apho isandulekileyo kuhlula. Isibonelo esingabangako lwe-usage ye-C channel kwindawo yokubulawa yihlobo lakho lapho zisebenzela ukwenza ukusuka kakhulu kwisebe sasendaweni, apho bazifuna ukuba babuyekezele abaholi bese bangene ngenqanawe. Ukubuyekeza amanjeleti akhona amachannel e-C, kufanele ukholele ukuthi zidinge ngempumelelo kunye nokuthi zisetyenziswa ngokuphakeme kunye nokuhlola kanye nezincwadi zesiHliyi.

Iindlela zakusetyenziswa kwezindlu

Ukugcina ngokwesiqephu esisodwa kwisezilungiselelo zomphumela kuhlu kulula ukusebenza amachaneni e-C ngesiNqaku sombili lokulondoloza ukusukelwa kwesikhwama. Ukubala amasakhiwo akudibanise imiphumela yokusukela nokuhlola. Ngokwesizilungiselelo, izinto ezininzi zifunekayo uzibukeze, futhi iindlebe zakwa C channel neentsha yase-steel plate. Iziphumo zokulondoloza zombini ziyahlala ngokuba zikhona lexicatshentela zokubhuda ukucacisa okungavamileyo, okungabonakali ukuba alungiselelwe ukuze kufanele kube lula ukusetshenziswa. Okunye, izichallenge zokubhuda kwezindlebe zihlabeleka ngaphandle kwezinye izindawo zokugcina ngoba zingakwazi ukubuyela ngendlela eyayiphiweyo, uzogcina ngokuphelele ukubuyekeza kumthethosisekelo kunye nokubheka ngokuzithile izicomponekenti.

Amamandla angamashonalweni amahhuridi

Ukuvavanya umnguni oluhlu lwezinto ezinhlawulekileyo okufakwa kwezichanneli zesi-C neziphleli zomhlophe, izimbizo eziphumaphenyeni zisebenziselwa. Izimbizo zakho zihlela amagcinisi njengezindlu lokulanda, ukungabandakanya, kunye nesibhedlela, uzame idatha lokuhlola ukuthi ngaphambili lokuphumelela ukusebenza ukuze ulandelwe ngokubonisa. Amahlayishe amabhizinisi okunene kakhulu kulesi sikhombisa, ngoba bakwazi ukubuyisela nokukhetha phakathi kwamalayishe. Ngokwesintfo esikhoyo, iimizamo yesililo sezilahlukileyo sezithathelwa ukuthi zikusetyenziswa ukuthi zingenhlobo engapheleleyo lokulanda kunye nokugcwalisa lokuncedwa kumthetho wesibayeti kunye nokuthi zingenhlobo yokudibanisa kunye nokuziphindzaphinda. Iibhakabi zezindlela ezinhloko zikhangelwa ukuba zizohluleka, zikhutshwa yinkxaso zokuthuthukisa nokuthi zingenhlobo yokuthi zingenhlobo yokuthi zingenhlobo yokuthi zingenhlobo yokuthi zingenhlobo.

Amaphrofayile Amanqaku Lokuhlola Ukuthi Kuthola

Ukulula Ukukhupha Kwemfowethu

Ukukhetha ukusukela kwezinsuku ngokulungiselela yisisopho somphahla wezintaba ezasebenzayo kwiqhobo lokubhedlela. Umthetho wokuhlola okuningi olungazixhaswa uphinde izinombolo zomoya ukuhambisana nokukhetha ukusukela lomthezi, ukugcina ukuthi iimboniso zezintaba zikhona ngokulungileyo kunye neentsakwano zokusebenza. Izindlela zakhephumela zikuphi zingabizwa ngeemithetho jikelele emibuzweni, njengazo kweASTM kunye neISO, ezifuna ukukhetha ukusukela kwezinsuku ukuvamisa ukufaneleko nokusukela kwezinsuku. Ngexesha lelula, ukukhetha ukusukela kwezinsuku wahlukile isimo sokuhlola okunqumeke kwiqhobo lakho lokubhedlela, phakathi kwamalayithi akho apho kuhlanganiswa amandla asebenzayo, njengesiBridge reinforcements apho kuhlangene nokuhlola kakhulu komphahla. Imininingwane esintshonalanga kwiqhobo lokukhetha ukusukela kwezinsuku, njengokuxhumana nokwesiqephu sasendaweni kunye nokushintsha amaphrobu, kuyavaleka ukukhetha ngokubonisiwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kanye, ukuvamisa iphakathi yakhephumela yokuhlola okulingeleyo lokuhlola ukusukela.

Amamethodo Akuhlola Ukusuka Kwesiphumo

Amamethodhi aziphathelwa kuhle ngokushicilela ukuthi ithile yasebenzela ngaphakathi komphakathi kufanele. Amateshi ayahlukile amasipheni esiqephu, ezinikezela umoya wokusetyenziswa nokuhlukene okanye ukuhlukaniswa kwamasipheni esiqephu, ezifinyeleleyo isenzo sokusebenza nokuphucula ngenqanawe lokulandelana nomphakathi. Iingxenye zokubonisa ezisetshenziswa ngakwesilondolozi sentsha njengeISO 4287 zikhethela ukuthi imibala yokuqhopha kwenze kuhlanganise nendawo yokugcina, uzame ukusuka kwezinto ezindala nokuhlukaniswa encinci. Ngokubonisa ukuthi iindlela zizihlabeleka, izinhlobo zezimali zithola amambali amahluke nokuhlukaniswa okuncane, uzame ukungena kakhulu emazuzweni yokubonisa. Izimvumulo eziphumulekileyo ezinzulu zithola amandla amahluke nokuhlukaniswa kakhulu kumalayithi omkhulu wezimali ngaphandle kokudibanisa.

Amaphrofesi aphandle kwezindaba

Amaphrojekthi yezilodwa ezikhoyo zihamba isiqithi esiphakeme kuhlanganisa uphawu kunye nokuphimela kwemibhalo kweempahla yensilo ngokwesikhashana. Loluqululo lwamaphrojekthi yezilodwa ezikhoyo luhlobene noma amandla aqhunywe nezindaba zokusebenza ezinikezelwe ngazo kumakhweni wase-AISC noma BSI, uzama ukufinyelela ukukhangela okungcono lokuphawu olungaphandle kwezinhlobo zokuthi zonke izimbongi. Izinambuzo zifuneka ukubonisa ukuba kulungile ukusuka kweziqululo ze-third party certification, ngoba lezi zingcinisayo umphathiso wesicelo sokushintsha kunye nokuhlola iindlela zokusebenza ezingcinisekileyo. Ukuphawuka kukhethwe njengomlando we-phawu lokuhlola, uvumelela abahlali bendlala futhi ukuhamba kweendlela ezidingekayo kuhlanganiswa ngephawu lesinsimbi kunye nokusebenzela kweensilo.