Xa kushicilela kumaqondo ohlinzekayo, ukwanda kuyadinga ngokwesiko ukuthi yini na into engcono ingawanyiswa ngokuxhumana nezimo zokwenza ngempela. Kukhona ukuthanda ukuyindlela ngokwethulwa ngenxa yokuthi akukho onke amandla ukuba izinhlamvu zabo zihlule ngokwengqeteleni. Ukuvivinya kwokwanda kufaka phakathi ukujonga ukuthi izindawo zokuxhumana zihlanganisa ngendlela ingaba, ukuthrya izindlela zokuxhuma ezahluke, nokuthi izinto ezahlukene ziyasebenza ngendlela ingaba xa zihlanganisiwe. Konke lokhu kuyadinga ukuthi kuvikele ukuthi kungakhutshiwe amaphotho, ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi kwehlise amandla, noma ukuthi kwehlise ukuxhuma kwezinto esingasingeni ukuthi kuthinte amandla aphezulu. Ngokuvumela izinhlobo zokuxhumana zokwanda noma izitayela esingasebenziswa yisisekelo esikhulu. Ukukhetha indlela engcono yokuxhuma lezi zinto kuyakhiya ukuthi leyo ndawo iphume ngokwamanje nokuthulile.
Izinkinga ezweni zokwenza amaloyi angcono anezinhloso eziyisisekelo okwenza izindlela zokugcina zokwenza iziphumo ngokufanele. Lezi ziloyi zinezindlela zokugcina kakhulu kodwa zingaphansi kwezindlela zokugcina, zibe yabo ukugcina kakhulu xa kugcinwa ngokungafanele. Ngokuba yabo le ndlela, abasebenzisa izindlela zokugcina kufanele bacinde amathuba okwenza ngeke acinde amathuba okugcina. Ukwenza le ndlela ngokufanele kusiza ukugcina ubukhulu bomphumela wokugcina. Abasebenzisa amathuba okwenza nezinto ezifanayo nezinkinga eziyisisekelo noma izitungu zweni zokugcina kufanele bahlolenge izindlela zokugcina ngokugcwele ukuvikela ukukwehliswa kwezindlela zokugcina.
Ukuthi yini engqikithi inqanawa yokulayela kuyindlela yokubonisa ukuthi yini kwenziwa ngemigqa yayo elula, ngokukodwa izinto njengekhoboni, umanganese, ne-nikeli. Lezi zinto zenza kanjani umqondo wokuhlukahluka xa kuchazwa lapho kuhlala kusenqakweni, okwenzela ngqo ubunzima bokulayela. Ububanzi bokulinganisa khoboni banezimali kakhulu futhi kuba kubonisa abasebenzisi ukuthi izindlela zokugcina kungaba yini zingakhiwa emva kokulayela. Xa kusenza ukuchagua okufanele kwezindlela zokulayela ezahlukene, le ndlela yokuhlaziya iyakunxusela ukuthi izinjini zibe nezimo eziphumelelayo. Ikhoboni elincane kakhulu kusebenza ngempela kwezindlela zokulayela, kuyenza inqanawa yisimo esibonakalayo futhi kwenze amaqondana aphumelele kakhulu. Abantu bonke abasebenzisa ukulayela kuzo izinjini zikhoboni kufanele bazi lezi zinhlobo ukuba bafuna ukuthola iziphumo eziphumelelayo.
Xa sikhuluma nge-welding, leli ndawo HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) yilengqungqulu yomoya lapho umoya wenziwa ngokwehluleka kwezindleko ezisungene nazo kusenzo. Oku kusengela kakhulu ngoba le ndawo iyasala amandla futhi ikhiqize amaphoyinti aphansi lapho izinhloso zingakhiwa. Kuyindlela ye-C channel steel, ukulondoloza lezi zinto izidinga ukuthi welding ikhona noma cha. Abasebenzi basebenzela ukulondoloza izinto ezithile njengezimali nezinhlobo zomoya ngemva kwezindleko ukuthi yini leyo into kungaba ngakumbi kakhulu. Ukulondoloza lezi zinto kungase kuthinte amaphoyinti aphansi ngaphambi kokuthi ahlale kakhulu kulo mbiko. Ngakho ke izivivinyo eziqondile akudingeki kuphela kodwa kuyimfuneko xa kusebenzelwa nezinto eziweldwe lapho kudingeka ukuba zilimele futhi zingasebenzi kahle.
Ukuthi indiza zingaphi, ubukhulu bawo bendaweni nezinhawu zazo zonke, kubangelwa ngokwesikhathi kungaphansi kwezindlela ezithintana nezokuxhuma. Uma kusebenzela nezinhawu ezinhle, abasebenzisi bendawo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthola amagama amakhulu - izindlela ezithile nezinhlelo ezithile zokuxhumana nje ukuthola izindlela eziqinile okuthola ukuthi zilungile. Imicabango yempi yekhombisa ukuthi lapho abasebenzisi bendawo bakhiwa ngokuthi izindlela ziphakathi, kubangelwa ukuthi kuthathwe amandla amaningi, yenza ukuthi izinhawu zonke ziphume ngokulungile noma lapho kutheni kutheni. Lezi zindlela ziyadonsa kakhulu nje ukuthi izindlela ziphakathi kakhulu; ziyakhiwa futhi ukuthi izinto ziphume ngokulungile lapho kutheni kutheni. Kuye kubantu onke osebenzela nezinhawu ezijwayelekile, ukubheka ngokugcwele lezi zinhawu zokuxhuma kusukela ekuplaneni kuya kwezindlela yokuxhumana kungaphansi kwezindlela ezithintana nezokuthola iziphumo eziqinile okuthola ukuthi zilungile.
Ukuhlolwa okungadluliseli okanye i-NDT kufaka phakathi imithodi ezingane ne-UT (ukuhlola ngokwezomkonto) kanye ne-RT (ukuhlola ngokwezomkhawulo) okunesiza ukujonga ubungozi bepipe yokweyiswa ye-stainless steel ngaphandle kokulahla isimo esifanele. Lezi zinhlelo zithola izinkinga ephakathi kwesibhakabhaka ngakho ayikushi kuyindlela yokuthiwa yizimo zokuhlinzeka ezithanda ngazo bonke. Ake sijikeleze kahle ukuthi kunganiwe. Ukuhlola ngokwezomkonto kwenza ngokuthutha izomkonto eziphakeme kakhulu ezibhaka kuzindawo zokweyiswa bese kujonga indlela lezo zomkonto zilayela emuva ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavumelekile. Ukuhlola ngokwezomkhawulo kusebenza ngendlela eyodwa ngokusebenzisa izinhloso zokubona xa kwenza izithombe ezibonisa ukuthi kunganiwa phakathi kwesibhakabhaka. Lapho izinhlelo eziyisigama se-NDT zisetyenziswa ngazo zonke izinhlelo, kunciphisa ngokukhulu amathuba yokuthi something ayibhingiwe emuva. Lokhu kuthini izinhlobo ezenziwe ngazo ziyisigama esibonakalayo kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkampani ezithanda ukuba zinezinto eziyisigama esibonakalayo.
Ukuhlola okuphoyisa kusebenza ngendlela eyodwa kusuka kwezindlela ezingaphoyisiwa ngoba kuchanya izinhlobo zokugqunyelwa ukuze kubonwe ukuthi kungaphansi kuka. Indlela enkulukene yokuhlola ukuthi yini amaphopho amamechanical njenge-ukukhulisa kanye nezithulwana lapho izinto ziyodwa ukuba zikhululekile. Le ndlela yokuhlola ikunikeza amaphawndi amaningi malunga nobubele bokugqunyelwa lapho kusebenzisa kakhulu kanye nokuthi kuhlanganise nezimo eziphathelene nezimalo. Amalaborithile mengama-ASTM amathintela le ndlela yokuhlola. Ngokwelela, lapho kuhlola ukukhula, abasebenzisa ukugqunta okugqunyelwe okuyodwa ukuba kuchane. Le ndlela ikubonisa lapho kuhlelwa kakhulu kanye nokuthi kunceda abasebenzisi ukuthi bazi amaphawndi wezinto. Ukuthola iziphumo ezifanayo zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba akukho onke amathanda ukuthi kugqunyelwe okungathulile kubeke kakhulu emathini.
Ukubheka ukuthi izikhumba zingaphawula kanjani ziwunyanzela kakhulu xa kubhekwa amakonkekti e-tube ye-steel, ngakumbi lapho kuneziko elikhulu. Xa senza le ndaba, sibheka izinto ezifana nezinto okuthiwa kuzoba yindlela yekhanda kwezindlela zokushisa nokulinda, amaziko esikhathi sokwenza, nokuthi izinto ziyifane kanjani nezinkinga ezahlukene. Sebenzisa isibhakabhaka ngokwesibonelo. Uma umntu oqhina uqukethwe kwezindlela zokushisa nokulinda, akhona iziko zokushisa zikhathi elide, okwenza izikhumba zingaphawula kakhulu. Ukuwazi konke lezi zinto kuvunyela ukuthi sibone amathewa yokuvikela izinkinga ngaphambi kokuthi zingaphumelele, okuthiwa kakhulu izakhiwo zethu zizodlala kanye ziyakwazi ukulinda. Abasebenzisi besibhakabhaka abasebenzisa le ndaba ngaleyo ndlela bakansela nezindlela zokubhaka ukuze vamise ukuphawula. Kepha, masithi kahle, noma ngenkathi yonke le ndlela, ngamanye amaxesha kunezinkinga ezingenakubonakala ngokomoya ezifildini okuthiwa kuvumela ukuthi kwenzeke kakhulu nokulandelana nezinkinga ngendlela yemigca.
Imithwanciso ye-welding kwiqondo le-C libangela ukugcinwa kwezikhelo esikhethe isiphumo kwaye kwenza ukuba yindlela yokuphuma kweqondo lokugcinwa, kuthwalwa umda wokuphuma kweprodukti yokugqibela. Okuqukethweyo kuyindlela yokuba lezi zikhelo ezenzekelweyo azikho kwiinspekshini kodwa zimele kakhulu kwaye zilungiselelwa ngendlela engenakutshintshwa, zilungisa konke isithuthiweyo sokugcinwa. Indlela yokuthiwa ngoku? Sebenzisa iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo njenge управление ukushisa kwaye ukusebenzisa umthwanciso wokugcinwa emva koko kwenzeka. Ukuqikeka kukaqala ukuba ukugcinwa okulungileyo kwenza ukuba i-joints ezokugcinwa zilinde kakhulu kwaye zilungisele ukusebenza kazo konke. Abasebenzisa ezi zikhelo zokugcinwa izokuthenga kakhulu iindlela ezilinde kakhulu kwaye zilungisele ukuba yindlela yokulinda kwezinto ngemva koko kusebenziswe.
Amaweldi wamastele enkulu kakhulu ayisembenyiswa kakhulu ngokugcina kwehaidrojeni okungqondileyo engasungula amacala emva kwegcina kokuqala. Amadoti nezinye izinhlanzi ziyindlela ephawulekayo yalesi sibonelo, ngakho ke ziyakhethekwa kakhulu yonke inkqubo yokulungisa leli nkinga. Abaweldi abaningi bazi ukuthi izenzo zokususa kahle nekuhlela kwehhumidithi kwezindawo zokusebenza zenza ubuntukela omkhulu xa kuchazwe ukungena kwehaidrojeni kumathuba. Lezi zindzaqo eziyisisekelo zinesizo lokugcina ubuchule bokugcina amajonti emva kwegcina, okungaba yinkinga kakhulu emabridgesi, ezinkonzeni zokugcinwa kwezinto, nezinye izinfrastrakti eziphambene nokungasebenzi.
Ukushisa kahle ngaphambi kokushisela amapayipi ensimbi anamandla amakhulu kwenza umehluko omkhulu uma kuziwa ekugwemeni ukushisa nokugqwala okucasulayo okwenzeka phakathi nenqubo. Lapho kwenziwa kahle, ukushisa kusakaza ukushisa ngokulinganayo phezu kwensimbi, kunciphise izingcindezi ezingase ziholele ezinkingeni kamuva. Khona-ke kukhona ingxenye yokwelashwa kokushisa ngemuva kokushisela, okungeyona into abantu abaningi abakhuluma ngayo kodwa ngobuqotho ibalulekile. Lesi sinyathelo sinakekela ukucindezeleka okusele okubangelwa ukushisela kuyilapho sibuyisela okuthile kokuguquguquka namandla esiwafunayo ezihlanganisweni zethu. Ukuthola indawo efanele yokushisa nokuthi isigaba ngasinye sihlala isikhathi esingakanani akubalulekile nje kuphela kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu uma sifuna ama-weld ethu abambe ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma lezi zibalo zilungile, lezo zinhlelo zamapayipi ensimbi ziyohlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuhluleka ngokungazelelwe endaweni ethile.
Kunoma namuhla oqukethwe kumsebenzi wamadlozi amathiselwe, ukwazi ukuthi yini i-AWS D1.1 ifanana ne-ISO 15614 iyisidingo esibalweni. Lezi zilandelayo zombili zinikeza amatholakali okuhweba amadlozi amathiselwe, ngelokho zihamba ngendlela eyodwa ngokwesifunda lapho i-projekthi iphakeme. I-AWS D1.1 ngokwesiko iyisilandelayo esihlukile eNingizimu e-Amerika, ngokukodwa ngoba iyisidingo sokupheka okuhwebwe kwezimala nezimala ezidingekayo yezindleko zokudluliselwa. Ngakolay o, i-ISO 15614 inquma ngokubanzi, inquma kakhulu kwezinye izimo zokusebenzela zomdwe. Ukulandela lezi zilandelayo azinjani kuphela ukupheka nezimala kodwa ukunciphisa izinkinga ezisungulayo ezizothuthukisa uma kuzo kuzo kuzo kuzo kuzo kuzo. Ngakho ke amathsekelo anamuhla asebenzisa amadlozi amathiselwe ahlala anakekela izinhlobo zombili zilandelayo njengoba abalwa fomu yabo.
Ukutholwa kweqiniso ngumthombo we-Amerika yeWelding (AWS) uyinemigomo esenza ukuba izimo zokubamba zikhulu, ngokuqondile xa usebenza neziciko zokwenza. Le qiniso kuyachaza ngokuthi abasebenzisa iziciko baziqaphela futhi bangena kule zimo eziningi zokwenza, ngakho siyothola iziciko ezakugcina ngemva kwezikhathi. Xa izinkampani zilandela le milawo yokutholwa kweqiniso, zilula ukwehluleka kweziciko ezungathola kahle emva kwalokho, futhi kwenza ukuba abathengi bafele ukuthenga kulezi zinkampani. Izinkampani eziphambene ngokulula kubalwa ukuthi zenza amacasha ngemva emva etikweni ukulungisa kuye kuye kwezinye izinto.
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