Ukugcina ngaphandle kwesikrini esikhathalelweni ngenxa yomsebenzi omphumeleyo yokuhlola ukuba umthombo wenqanawe ungakwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokuphethwe kwiindlela ezihluhlenzekileyo. Kuningi lokho ukungabonisiwe ukusasazana, ukusuka nokufika, kunye nekhahleleni esikhathalelweni. Ukutesta ukugcina ngaphandle kwesikrini luhlukele ukubheka ukusukelwa kwejoi, ukubona izindlela eziningi zokusetyenziswa, kunye nokubheka ukubanjani kweendlela. Lokuhlolwa olunemfanelo aluneyo kuhlela ukuba akukhonzeleli amandla, uphawu kunye nokusasaza okulandelayo esikhathalelweni. Ngalokho, ukubona izindlela eziningi zokusetyenziswa kweempayiphi noma amabhophoto emhlabeni ahlola ukuba ubungakanani besikrini sesibhedele sibuyele ekuseni.
Amagqabi wezintathu ezikhangelwe kakhulu zizibhalwa ngokulungiselelwa nge-unique amandla okudinga izimo eziphakeme zokuhlanganiswa. Le material, elichaseneyo ngokuthi kuna yield strength elishiyagalunga kunye nokudala okuncane, kusayiqinisekisa ukubhukuda ngaphandle kwemanzini phambi komphendulo. Ngokwesiphumo lesi, kufuneka kuhlola amaproseshi aqhelekileyo okuhlawuliswa njenge-preheating kunye ne-post-weld imisebenzi. Izinyathelo ezidingekayo zikuhlanganisana ukuba ususi wesithombe asikhwalele umlando wobucopho bokumaterial. Kufuneka kuhlola izimo ezidingekayo nge-testi yaseyiphi ukuvimbela amaphetheli amahle ngokusebenza komponyenti okushesha njengamagqabi we-c channel steel okanye amaphipha we-stainless steel ezindaweni zokugcina.
Ukubanzi kwezinto ezikhethiweyo kwisele yicinga ngokushesha ukuthi yilapho akhiwe, ubuyekezo olunye ukuhlawulwa ngezinye izinto njengo khonidi, imangane naseNikel. Izinto ezinnye zingabalingana noma amahlaba esebenzayo phambi komhlope wakhiwo kunye nokuhlola lokhu. Izinhlobo zokuqala kweCarbon zizidinga ukuba zikhuse, ngoba zibalingana noma zikhupha ukusuka emfulweni kulesi sikhatsi. Ukukhangela kuhluke ukungena izindlela zakhiwa, uzokusure kambe ukuthi uhlobene olunye umphathisi ususiwe. Iziqhaza zikadliwe ukuthi izingamandla ezindaweni ezifanekileyo zisusa ukukhiwa, uzokusure ukuba zisimangaliso kakhulu okanye ukwakhiwa nokuziphatha. Ukufunda lezi zinto zikhona ngokugcina kumkhakha weSile ethi kufanele akhiwe.
Izihlanga lokuthiwe ngokushesha kwi-welding ifanele yi-izikhatsi esebenza nge-mechanical properties kwe-esidvweni, oku kungaba amaninzi amaphuzu ahlukileyo apho amahlukileyo ngokubheka emanzini lwe-welding. Lokhu kungabikho ukusuka kwemali wendlela nokuphazamiseko phakathi. Kwi-esidvweni le-C channel, ukuphatha amaphuzu amahlukileyo akuyona into engenayo ukuthola umkhonto wesibhedlela. Izindlela ezimfanele zifanele ukubheka umphawu kunye ne-microstructure phakathi kokuthiwe ngokushesha (HAZ) ukuvumela ukuba ikhangele i-engineering standards. Ukubhekisa lezi zinto zingakwazi ukulindiza izikhatsi ezisusiweyo ezibonakale imiphumela yetholeni. Ngakho ke, ukusetshentiswa kwemethods yokuthiwa okunqumeke kufanele ukuvumela ukususa kunye nokuhlola kwi-component ezithathelwe e-welded.
Umgeweko lwezintaba zemayithi, okwakhulu ngenhlobo yobunxele nesetha, uhlanganisa ngokupheleleyo isenzo sokubhalisela kunye nekhwedululo kwejoi. Izidingo eziqondisiweyo ezikusukeleleni kungabizwa ukuba ziyaziqintsi izindlela ezincane zokubhalisela kunye nezicatulo ezikhethweyo ukuze zibuyele ifomu elungileyo nokuhlola ofumanekayo. Izigaba zindiqinisekisa ukukhetha amandla okusebenzayo, uzokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifundekayo ezilindelelweyo ngokushesha, lokuna kuhlonipha ukusebenza kwamandla okufakelwayo kwezinye izinto ezinikezeliweyo. Lolu hlobo lokuthi kuhlanganisa ukuthi khona, kuzoba ukuba kuhlanganise ukuthi ikhwedululo lejoi lenze iindleko zakho ezinhle kanye nokuthi akukho imigomo esebenzayo ngaphandle kokuthi kukhishwe ngendlela yokusebenza.
Amamethodhi esingakuhlelwa kusukela (NDT) njenge-ultrasonic testing (UT) kunye nge-radiographic testing (RT), baye amaphrojekthi amahluhlu apha lokuhlola uhlobo lwe-stainless steel pipe welds ngokubenza ukungavunyelwe inqanawa. Izimethodhi ziyahlola izinto ezilulwandle ngokufinyelela ukuba zisuke zibeke izinetho nezi-specifications ezidingwayo. Ngokushesha, i-ultrasonic testing isebenzisa amasound wave amahuhle okuvela ngaphakathi kwe-weld, uhlola amandla asendaweni ngokusebenzela amafleyksi yezifo, kunye ne-radiographic testing esebenzisa amax-irayesi ukuphucula umsebenzi wokuvela kwemvume we-weld. Ngokusetshentiswa kwe-NDT, sibonisa isikhombiso esishona kakhulu sesiphazamiseko sokuthi imigomo yakho akabheke, ubungakho ukuthi ikhombiswe nokuthathiswa kweentsiko nemiswe yiyo ephakathi kweentsingo eziningi.
Ngokubheka kwezindlela ezinokuqala, ukuhlola okungakuvunyelwe kukhetha iimpawu zomekhani, njengesithuthukiso sokuphazima kunye nesibhedlela, kweendaweni ezilayiswayo, ngokuhamba kweendaweni yokugcina. Okuningi lokuhlola lokunye luhlola ukuba ngaphambili kweendaweni ezisebenza, luhlola ukuthi endaweni zakuxhumanisa ziphumeleleyo ngalokhu oluziphumela izindaba ezidingekileyo zokusetyenziswa ukusombulula ukuba bazingene izindawo ezidingekayo. Kunezimo ezikhoyo zeASTM ezincedele ukwakhululekiswa lokuhlola okungakuvunyelwe, lokuhlola kuhlonishwa ngamandla amabini, apho endaweni yakuxhumanisa ayikhethekiswe ngaphandle kokugcina ukukholelwa lokusebenza lokwakhiwo lwakho, lokuhlola ukuthi yayingaphezulu kunye nokuba ifanele ngaphandle kokugcina. Ngokufundziswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu nezingxenye ezincane, ukuhlola okungakuvunyelwe uhlanganisa indlela eyahlukileyo kunye nokuhlola ukuba amaxhumanisi angcono kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwindawo ezidingekayo.
Ukubuka okuthuthukise kusenzo lwezindlela zokugcina kufanele ukuyazi izindlu zokugcino elingaphambili kwiqhawekazi lesteetiphi, ngisho ngemibuzo yezikhatsi ezinamandla. Lwesibonelo sokuqala sihlola amagama angaphakathi ngezinhlobo zomsebenzi wethemperetshisi, amasitha othile nokulandelana namathathu ukuze akhuse ukubuka. Ngokushesha, ukuphucula nokuhlola kwesihlanu esisetyenziswa sikufuneka ukuze kuhloniphe umsebenzi wesihlanu, lokhu kungabikho ukubuka. Ukubizwa kwalokho kube ungenzi lokulandelana nokuba kunoma ukudibanisa imigomo yokutshebelela nokuhlola, lokhu kuhlukumeza isidingo sokuhlola nokuhlukomelela kokuthi iindlela zakugcina zitshebelele kanye nokuthi zisafani ngendawo endiphakamisekileyo. Ngokushesha lokhu kulandelana nokuhlola, abasebenzisi bazange babuyeke bonalo besebenzise amaprawesi apha ukumiselwa ukubuka, ukusukelela ukuba amandla nokuhlola kakhulu kwiindlela zakugcina ezifanele.
Amahhoso amancane esikhundleni kwezinye zezilimi ezizenzekelayo kwi-C channel imetali singakwenza ukusuka nokubhokisana, okungapheli ubungakanani bokushesha kwesiseko sesicelo. Amahhoso amancane, abanikwa ngaphandle komphendulo wamadoda, bayaziqala njengamagama amancane kodwa bangacabanga lokunyelelwa kunye nokuba bafuna ukusukumisa umnotho wesifundo sokushesha kwezindlela ezinhleleyo nokuhlola kahle ngeemfuyo apho akwenzeka. Ukufinyelela kokuthiwa amahhoso amancane, kuhluke ukusebenzisa izinga lezi zibonakalisekileyo njengekuhlola kahle komphendulo nokuhlola phambi kweemfuyo enhleleyo. Ukubheka kakhulu ibuyebo ebekayo ukuba amahhoso amancane babhekwe ngempumelelo, uzidingekile ukuthi umnotho wesifundo nokushesha kwezindlela zokulanda zizozibuyela kakhulu. Ngokugcina lamanje amandla, ungakwenza ukuthi usetshentse isiphumo sasendaweni esihle kunye nokuhlola kahle kwezinto eziphumuleleyo emva kokuthatha amahhoso amancane esikhundleni.
Ukuphakamisa kweHidrojini kukho isiphumo somunye wokugcina ukusetyenziswa kokubheka kwesitile esisodwa, kungene ngaphandle kokuba kanye nokulandela okukhawuleza. Ukufunda amahlobo weHidrojini, njengomoya nokuthi zikhathalele, kuhlanganiswa ngokwesiphiwo lokuhlola imibizo yokungabona. Ukusebenzisa izindlela zokudla nokusebenzela ngemvula elincane yezinto ezityenziswa zihlanganiswe ngokushesha ngenxa yoholide yokuqala nokuhlola umoya wesintshanti. Ngokufanelelwa lapho, singakwazi ukugcina ukuhlaba lwesitile, ukungena indawo yokusuka nokuvuma ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzela esizidinga umthetho wesitile esisodwa ngekhishoni leso.
Ukuphumelela phakathi kwezikhathi zokuthumela umnotho oluhluvukileyo liphakamise inqanawa yezilondolozi esiqethelwe kanye nokugcina ukusuka kokubhaleka kwezindlela ezinhloboniphi edluleyo ngaphandle komoya emfanele ongashintshwa ngezinye izindlela ezifaneleyo. Ukuphumelela okulandelayo kufuneka kuhlola ukuthi iinkomo zenqanawe zihlabeleke ngendawo yokudibanisa, okungakhotheneyo lokuthi kuhlatyiswa amagama amahhulu amaqhathanisiweyo. Ngemva kokuthi ukuhlaziywa okuyingxenye yokushintsha ngemuva kwesicelo sokushintsha (PWHT) siphathelwe ngokubalulekileyo ngoba kuhlonipha amagama amahhulu amaqhathanisiweyo nokuvumelanisa ukuncedwa nokuncedwa kwezindlu zokushintsha. Ukukhombisa imigomo yesikhatsi kunye nezikhathi zokushintsha zonke zikufuneka zisuke zizange zithathe amandla angahlukene nokuthi zibheke amandla okufaneleyo nokuthi okufaneleyo. Ngokushesha lezi zinto, uhlobo lwesiphumo sokushintsha kanye nokuthi liyimfanelo lisusiwe kakhulu.
Lokhu okusebenzeka ngekhompiweyo lesteeli, ukwazi kweendlela ezidinga AWS D1.1 kunye neISO 15614 sihlawukile. Amasithandzeko ababili babesekelene amaluzelo esikhangelini sakhona lokusebenza ukusuka steeli, kodwa bengakho amaphupha angcane olungaphezu komphakathi wokuqala. AWS D1.1 usebenzisa ngokugcinwa e-Amerikani, ufokusela ukubuyisela ukuthi iistrakichi zibe ngamandla kunye nokuhlola. ISO 15614 ibhala indlela eyisisekelo yaseMphakathi, ukuze kube khona emibhalweni yezilimi ezininzi. Ukufakwa kokuthi amasithandzeko amabili akhetha ngokuthula kunye nokuhlola kunye nokuthola ukususa imiphumela yezincedo lomusho, lokuna kuhlanganisa ukuba amagcinisi asebenzela amasithandzeko amahhululekile.
Izimvo zomkhakha njenge American Welding Society (AWS) zikhethela kakhulu lokuhlola ukuthi amalayizeli abangaphambili babekwirekhiwe ukuze babuyelele umthetho wokubhala ezindabeni, ngisho kakhulu emibhaleni yamahawu. Izimvo zakhe zihlola ukuthi amalayizeli abaningi lokulula ukukhombisa izicatshulwa esidingayo sesiphumo lesisekelo, lokuhlola ukuthi amalayizeli abekwenzeka ngendlela yokufaneleka. Ukusetyenziswa kwesicathulo sokungena ngezimvo zalokho akhuphuma isikhathi somphilo wesilinganiso sokubhala okanye sithole ukuba amalayizeli ahlale kuhluke nokuthi bafaneleke, lokuhlola ukuthi ubunzima besilinganiso sekubhaliwe kuhlanganiswe, futhi ukuthi iindlela zokusebenza zikholelwe ngokubuzwa. Iziphumo ezipheleneyo neziqhathaniso zikhethelwa ngokugcina lapho ilayezulu libe luhlola lokuhlola ukubhala, lokuhlola ukuthi ukuguqukethelo kweqinileyo kufanele kwiqhaza lelayezulu lokusebenza.
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