Ziyini Izinzuzo Zokuqina Zensimbi Yekhabhoni?

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zomshini Zensimbi Yekhabhoni

Izinzuzo zamandla insimbi Yekhabhoni zivela ezintweni ezintathu eziyinhloko: amandla okudonsa, amandla okudonsa, namazinga obunzima. Lapho sikhuluma ngamandla okudonsa, sisuke sibheka ukuthi ingakanani amandla impahla engayikhuthazelela ngaphambi kokuba ihlukane. Izinsimbi ezinamakhabhoni amaningi empeleni zingafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-800 MPa ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva olushicilelwe ngonyaka odlule. Amandla okudonsa abhekisela lapho insimbi iqala ukushintsha ukuma kwayo unomphela kunokuba nje iguquke. Izinhlobo eziphansi zikagesi ngokuvamile zihlala emgqeni ongu-350 MPa, kanti lezo eziphathwe ngokushisa zingadlula kalula ku-1 000 MPa. Ngokuqondene nobulukhuni, lokhu kulinganiswa kusetshenziswa okuthile okubizwa ngokuthi isikali seRockwell C. Lapho inani lekhabhoni liphakeme, insimbi iba lukhuni nakakhulu ngoba kunamaphutha amancane kakhulu esakhiweni se-crystal lattice esiyenza ingakheki futhi iguge kangcono.

Ukuqina Kokudonsa, Ukuqina Kwemithombo, Nobulukhuni Kuchazwa

Ngokuyinhloko amandla okudonsa asitshela ukuthi isisindo singakanani insimbi Yekhabhoni zingabambelela ngaphambi kokuba ziphuke, okubaluleke kakhulu ezintweni ezinjengamabhuloho nezingxenye zemishini esindayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isitezi sokwakha se-ASTM A36 ngokuvamile sinamandla okudonsa aphakathi kuka-400 no-550 MPa. Kodwa uma sibheka izinsimbi zamathuluzi ezifana no-1095, zingadlula i-1000 MPa uma sezilashwe kahle. Manje amandla okuvuna angenye into ebalulekile ebeka imingcele yalokho okokusebenza okungakwazi ukukwenza lapho kusetshenziswa njalo. Ama-crankshaft ezimoto enziwe ngensimbi engu-1045 ephakathi nendawo enekhabhoni ngokuvamile ayohlala engaphazanyiswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi efinyelela ku-450 MPa. Ngokuqondene nobulukhuni, kunokweqa okukhulu kusuka cishe ku-70 HRB ezinhlotsheni eziphansi zikagesi kuya ku-65 HRC ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme zikagesi. Lokhu kwenza izinsimbi eziphakeme zikagesi zibe yizinto ezinhle kakhulu zokusika lapho kudingeka zikhuthazele khona.

Indlela Ukwanda Kwe-Carbon Okuthinta Ngayo Amandla Nemisebenzi

Ukulungisa amazinga ekhabhoni kusuka kumaphesenti angu - 0,05 kuya kwangu - 1,0 kwenza abakhiqizi bakwazi ukuhlela kahle izakhiwo eziqinile abazidingayo. Ngokwenhlolovo eyanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Materials Science Review ka-2023, ukukhuphula okuqukethwe yi-carbon kusuka ku-0.2% kuya ku-0.8% kwandisa amandla okudonsa cishe ngo-60%, nakuba lokhu kubiza ngoba ukuqina kwehla cishe ngo-70% phakathi nalesi sigaba. Imiphumela engokoqobo ilula. Izinhlobo zensimbi enekhabhoni encane equkethe phakathi kuka-0.05 no-0.3% wekhabhoni zisebenza kahle ezintweni ezinjengamaphaneli omzimba wemoto adinga ukwakheka ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsimbi ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphezulu okuphakathi kuka-0.6 no-1.0% ziba lukhuni kakhulu futhi ziqine, okwenza zibe ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kwamathuluzi okusika, imimese, nalezo zithombo ezisindayo ezisetshenziswa emishinini.

Isayensi Eyenza Ukuqina Kokushuba Kwenyuke Ngokwanda Kwamazinga E-Carbon

Lapho kukhona i-carbon eningi esitezi, siba namandla ngoba ngaphakathi kwakheka i-iron carbide (Fe3C), empeleni evimbela lezo zinqubo ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka. Cishe u-0.8% we-carbon usinika lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi isakhiwo esiyi-pearl ngokuphelele. Cabanga ngakho njengokuxuba izingqimba ze-ferrite ne-cementite, kwakheke okuthile okuqinile ngokwanele nokune-flexibility. Kodwa uma sidlula kuleyo ndawo, ama-carbide amaningi kakhulu aqala ukwakha lezi zinethiwekhi eziphukile kulo lonke insimbi. Yingakho ukwelashwa kahle ngokushisa kubalulekile ukuze uthole okungcono kakhulu kulokho okuqukethwe. Namuhla, abakhiqizi basebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokugaya okulawulwayo ukuze benze okusanhlamvu kube kuncane, okwenza kube namandla ngisho noma kungenawo ama-carbon engeziwe. Le ndlela isiza ekufinyeleleni izakhiwo ezingcono kuyilapho igcina izinto zisebenza kahle ngezindleko ezimeni zokukhiqiza.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamandla Ezigaba Zensimbi Engaphansi, Ephakathi, Nephakeme Nge-Carbon

Insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni: Amandla nokwakheka ekusetshenzisweni kwezakhiwo

Njengoba iqukethe i-carbon ephakathi kuka-0.05% no-0.32%, insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni ifinyelela amandla okudonsa angu-20 30034 700 psi (ASTM A36 2023). Lesi sigaba sinikeza kuqala ukuqina nokushisela emishayweni yokwakha, emafreyimu ezimoto, nasezinhlelweni zensimbi. Ukuqina kwayo okuyi-30105 ksi-in1⁄2 okuvumela ukugoba nokwakha ngaphandle kokuqhekeka - okubalulekile ezakhiweni eziphikisana nokuzamazama komhlaba.

Insimbi enekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo: Ukulinganisela amandla nokuqina kokusetshenziswa kwemishini

Iqukethe i-0.300.60% yekhabhoni, amazinga aphakathi nendawo afana ne-AISI 1045 anikeza amandla okudonsa angama-72,000 psi78% aqine kunabalingani bawo abanekhabhoni ephansi. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa ngokucima nokuqinisa kukhulisa ubulukhuni bube ngu-210 HB ngenkathi kugcinwa ukwelulwa okungu-18% (ASM International 2024). Lokhu kulinganisela kusekela ama-crankshaft, amagiya nezakhi ze-hydraulic ezidinga ukumelana nokukhathala ngaphansi kwemithwalo ejikelezayo.

Insimbi enama-carbon amaningi: Ukuqina okuphezulu nokugqwala

Izinsimbi ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungu-0.611.5% zifinyelela ubulukhuni obungu-230+ bukaBrinell namandla okudonsa angaphezu kuka-100,000 psi. Ingabe kwakuyintengo? Ukwehliswa kwehla kube ≤12%, okwenza izinhlobo ezinjenge-1095 zingalungeli ukulayishwa ngamandla. Izicelo zisebenzisa lezi zakhiwo:

• Amathuluzi okusika agcina imiphetho ngokusebenzisa insimbi engu-1060 s 375 HB ubulukhuni
• Izinsimbi zensimbi ezisetshenziswayo zinesisindo esingu-1080s, okuhlinzeka ngokuphila isikhathi eside ngo-15% uma kuqhathaniswa nezitimela ezinezinga eliphansi le-carbon

Isifundo Secala: Ukusebenza kwe-1060 carbon steel emathulini ezimboni

Ukuhlaziywa kwama-punch press blades ngo-2023 kuthole ukuthi insimbi engu-1060 yekhabhoni (0.60% C) igcine ukuguqulwa komngcele ≤0.01 mm ngemuva kwemijikelezo engama-50.000ukudlula ezinye izindlela zensimbi yamathuluzi ngama-27% kumazinga wezindleko nokuqina. Ubulukhuni obungemva kokucima obungu-62 HRC benza ukucutshungulwa kwe-sheet metal ngokushesha ngo-19% ngaphandle kwezidingo zokugubha (Journal of Manufacturing Systems).

Ukuthuthukisa Amandla Ngezinqubo Zokushisa

Ukucima, Ukuqinisa Nokuvuthisa: Imiphumela Ekuqineni Kwensimbi Yekhabhoni

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwelapha ukushisa ezihlanganisa ukucima, ukuqinisa nokugaya konke kusebenza ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici zokuqina kwensimbi yekhabhoni. Lapho sikhuluma ngokucima, okwenzeka ukuthi insimbi eshisayo iyapholisa ngokushesha kakhulu kusetshenziswa amanzi noma uwoyela. Lokhu kwakha lesi sakhiwo esiqinile se-martensitic ngaphakathi kwensimbi. Ezinye izifundo ezivela e-ASM International emuva ngo-2023 zabonisa ukuthi izinsimbi eziphakeme ze-carbon zingafinyelela amandla okudonsa angaphezu kuka-2000 MPa ngemuva kokucinywa kahle. Ngemva kokucwiliswa, kuyaphindwa kufakwe insimbi lapho isishiswa khona futhi phakathi kuka-300 kuya ku-600 degrees Celsius. Lesi sinyathelo senza insimbi ingabi buthaka kangako kodwa igcine ubulukhuni bayo obucishe bube amaphesenti angu-85 kuya kwangu-90 noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Khona-ke kukhona ukufudumeza okusebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Kunokuba yenze izinto zibe nzima, empeleni ithambisa insimbi ngokuyipholisa kancane. Le nqubo isiza ekwandiseni ukuthi impahla inganwetshwa kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba iphule, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho kusetshenzwa ngezingxenye zensimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi ezidinga ukwakheka ngemva kokuba sezenziwe.

Izinguquko Ezincane Zokwakheka Phakathi Nokucima Nokuqina

Lapho insimbi ekhiqizwa ngamakhabhoni iciniswa, isuka ku-austenite ibe yi-martensite egcwele ngokweqile, okudala lezo zinguquko ezibangela ukuba insimbi ibe lukhuni. Kodwa kunenkinga ngoba lesi sakhiwo esisha asizinzile nhlobo futhi sakha ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngaphakathi kwento. Yilapho ukuqina kusiza khona, njengoba kusiza ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuncibilika kwe-carbide. Uma siqinisa cishe ngama-450 degrees Celsius cishe ihora elilodwa noma amabili, kwenzeka ukuthi ama-athomu ekhabhoni aqale ukuzinikeza kabusha, akha izinhlayiya zesimende ezizinzile. Lezi zinhlayiya zenza insimbi ibe namandla ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla ayo. Waba yini umphumela? I-martensite eqinisiwe iba yinto ekahle kakhulu yokwenza izinto ezinjengamabhamuza, ngoba la mathuluzi adinga ukumelana nokugqoka okuhle kanye nekhono lokumelana nokwephuka lapho efakwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwangempela.

Izitayela Zomkhakha: Ukupholisa Okulawulwayo Nokwelashwa Ngokushisa Okujwayelekile Kwe-ASTM

Abakhiqizi namuhla bathola imiphumela engcono ngensimbi yekhabhoni ngokulungisa kahle izinqubo zabo zokupholisa. Lezi zinhlelo ezithuthukile zingalawula izinga lokushisa cishe elingama-degree Celsius amahlanu ngomzuzwana, okuyinto eyenza umehluko omkhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokucisha ezasendulo, lezi zindlela zanamuhla zikhiqiza izinhlayiya ezihle kakhulu. Yini eyamkhokhela? Izinsimbi ezakhiwe zibonisa amandla aphakeme kakhulu angamaphesenti angu-12 kuya kwangu-15 ngemva kokucutshungulwa. Ukuze kulawulwe ikhwalithi, izitolo eziningi zilandela imihlahlandlela ye-ASTM A255-20 lapho zihlola ubulukhuni. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina izingxenye ezifana namagiya ezimoto nezakhiwo eziqinisa izakhiwo ezifanele zimelane nokucindezeleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho zihlanganiswa namaziko okucubungula ukushisa ahlakaniphile axhunywe kuyi-Internet, lezi zinguquko zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe ngamaphesenti angu-20 ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuphelela kwemishini yomkhiqizo wokugcina.

Ukulinganisela Amandla, Ukuqina, Nokushiselwa

Ubudlelwane obuphambene phakathi kokuqina, ubulukhuni nokuguquguquka

Ukuziphatha kwemishini yensimbi enekhabhoni empeleni kuhlobene nokuthola ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwezici ezihlukene zensimbi. Lapho okuqukethwe yi-carbon kukhuphuka cishe ngo-0.6 kuya ku-1.5%, sibona kokubili amandla okudonsa nobulukhuni bukhuphuka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqina kuhlupheka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izinsimbi ezinekhabhoni eningi kakhulu, lezo ezinekhabhoni engaba ngu-1% ngokuvamile zifinyelela ekuqineni kokudonsa okungaphezu kuka-1500 MPa, kodwa amandla azo okudonsa ngaphambi kokuqhekeka awa ngaphezu kuka-10%. Lolu hlobo lomphumela oluphambene lwenzeka ngoba i-carbon yakha lezi zakhiwo eziqinile ze-cementite ezivimbela indlela ama-athomu ahamba ngayo ngaphakathi kwensimbi. Nokho, ucwaningo lwamuva olwenziwayo olumayelana nokwakheka kwama-heterostructure luye lwabonisa imiphumela ethembisayo. Ngokulawula ngokucophelela usayizi wezinhlamvu phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, onjiniyela baye bakwazi ukukhulisa ukuqina cishe ngo-15% ezinsimbi eziphakeme zikagesi, okusikisela ukuthi kunezindlela zokusebenza ngalezi zinselele zendabuko ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokwakha izinto.

Imikhawulo yobulukhuni ezinsimbi eziphakeme ze-carbon

Izici ezifanayo ezandisa amandla nazo zinciphisa ukuqina kokwephuka:

• Amandla okuhlasela kweCharpy aphezulu e-carbon (isb. insimbi engu-1095) isilinganiso esingu-2040 Joules
• Izindinganiso eziphansi ze-carbon (1018 steel) zingaphezu kuka-100 Joule ngaphansi kwamazinga e-ASTM E23

Lokhu kwephuka kuba okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni komthwalo onamandla njengamajoyini ezakhiwo ezanyakaza ngamazulu. Abakhiqizi bayalinganisela ngokuxuba ukwelashwa kokushisa ukucima ukuze kube lukhuni kulandelwe ukuqina ku-400600°C ukubuyisela ubulukhuni obuthile.

Ukunqoba izinselele zokushisela ngensimbi enamandla amakhulu

Ukushisela kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-martensite kanye nezingozi zokuqhekeka kwe-hydrogen. Ukuze izinsimbi ezingaphezu kuka 0.3% carbon:

• Ukufudumeza kusengaphambili (200300°C) kuba yisibopho ngokuya ngemihlahlandlela ye-AWS D1.1
• Ukwelashwa kokushisa ngemuva kokushisela kunciphisa ukucindezelwa okusele ngo-60%
• Ama-electrode anamanzi aphansi (okuhlukaniswa kwawo ku-E7018) amanani aphansi wephutha ngo-40% uma eqhathaniswa nama-electrode ajwayelekile

I-hybrid laser-arc welding ivela njengesisombululo, ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlangana okungu-95% ku-1045 carbon steel ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuqina kwe-HAZ.

Izicelo Eziyinhloko Zemboni Ezisebenzisa Amandla Ensimbi Yekhabhoni

Ukwakhiwa: Ukusebenzisa Amandla Ensimbi Yekhabhoni Ezakhiweni

Isici sokusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo se-carbon steel siye sakwenza kwaba yinto ebalulekile ekwakheni izinto namuhla. Izakhi eziningi ezifana nemishayo, amakholomu kanye nalezo zinsimbi eziqinisa esizibona kukhonkolo empeleni zincike kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizinga eliphansi kuya eliphakathi le-carbon steel eliphakathi kuka-0.05% no-0.3% wokuqukethwe kwe-carbon. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lusebenza kangcono ngoba luvumela ukuba kube nezakhiwo ezinhle zokushisela kuyilapho lusakwazi ukubambelela ngaphansi kwemithwalo emikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngensimbi ekhiqizwa ngamakhabhoni i-ASTM A36. Le nto yakha umgogodla wezakhiwo eziningi eziphakeme namabhuloho ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuhlaba umxhwele phakathi kuka-400 no-550 MPa. Iyakwazi ukubhekana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinguquko ezibangelwa ukucindezeleka ngaphandle kokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Futhi lapho abakhi befaka izinto zokuvikela kulezi zakhiwo zensimbi, bathola ungqimba olwengeziwe lokuzivikela ekugqileni nasekugqileni, okusho ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zingahlala isikhathi eside ngisho nasezimweni zezulu ezinzima noma ezindaweni ezisogwini lapho umoya onosawoti uvame ukuqothula khona izinsimbi.

Ezokushayela: Insimbi Enekhabhoni Ephakathi Yezingxenye Ezingapheli Zomshini

Imboni yezimoto inikeza phambili insimbi enekhabhoni ephakathi (0.30.6% carbon) kuma-crankshafts, amagiya, nezingxenye ze-chassis. Lolu hlobo lwenza amandla (550860 MPa amandla okudonsa) alinganiswe nokuguquguquka okwanele kokuthungwa nokwakhiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, insimbi engu-4140 ecinyiwe futhi eqinisiwe, iyakwazi ukumelana nokucindezelwa okujikelezayo ezingxenyeni zenjini kuyilapho igcina ukuzinza kobukhulu ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu.

Amathuluzi Nemishini: Ukusebenzisa Ubulukhuni Nokugqoka

Insimbi enekhabhoni eningi (> 0.6% carbon) ilawula amathuluzi okusika, ama-blade, nezingxenye zemishini yezimboni. Izinhlobo ezifana ne-1095 steel zifinyelela emazingeni okuqina kwe-Rockwell C angama-6065 ngemuva kokwelashwa ngokushisa, okuvumela ukucubungula ngokunemba nokuphila isikhathi eside. Izicelo zihlanganisa:

• Izingxenye zokubhola kanye nama-saw blade adinga ukugcinwa komngcele
• Imishini yezimayini etholakala ezintweni ezihlabayo
• Izingxenye ze-hydraulic press ezisebenza ngempumelelo

Indlela Yokukhetha Ikhwalithi Efanele Yensimbi Yekhabhoni Yezidingo Zomshini

Cabangela izici ezintathu lapho ukhetha insimbi yekhabhoni:

1. Izidingo zemishini : Izinhlobo eziphakeme zikakhaboni (1060, 1095) zilungele amathuluzi angagqwali, kuyilapho izinsimbi ezincane zikakhaboni (1018, A36) zihamba phambili ekuboshweni kwesakhiwo.
2. Ukuchayeka emvelweni : Izembozo noma izithasiselo ze-alloy zingakhuphula ukumelana nokugqwala ezindaweni zasolwandle noma zamakhemikhali.
3. Izidingo zokukhiqiza : Ukuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphansi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphise izingozi zokuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokubumba.

Emiklamweni edinga kokubili amandla nokuthamba, izinsimbi eziphakathi nendawo ezinekhabhoni eziqiniswe ngokucima nokuqinisa ngokuvamile zinikeza ibhalansi enhle.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izakhiwo eziyinhloko zensimbi yekhabhoni? Insimbi enekhabhoni ibonakala ngamandla ayo okudonsa, amandla ayo okuvuna, kanye namazinga ayo obulukhuni, okuyiwona anquma ukuqina kwayo, ukuqina kwayo nokugqoka kwayo.

Ukuqukethwe i-carbon kuwuthinta kanjani amandla ensimbi? Ukwanda kwe-carbon ngokuvamile kwandisa amandla okudonsa kodwa kunciphisa ukuqina, kuthinte ukusebenza kwensimbi.

Ukuphathwa ngokushisa kudlala yiphi indima ekuqiniseni insimbi yekhabhoni? Izinqubo zokwelapha ukushisa njengokucima nokuqinisa zandisa amandla nokuqina kwensimbi yekhabhoni ngokucwenga ukwakheka kwayo okuncane.

Iziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni zensimbi yekhabhoni? Insimbi yekhabhoni isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni, ekukhiqizeni izimoto nasekukhiqizeni amathuluzi ngenxa yamandla ayo, ukuqina kwayo nokusebenziseka kwayo.